Харакат: Нұсқалар арасындағы айырмашылық
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'''Харакат''' ({{lang-ar|الحركة}}) — араб жазуындағы қысқа дауыстыларды білдіретін дәйекше белгілер. [[Араб тілі|Араб тілінде]] үш қысқа дауысты бар, ал әліпбиінде оларды белгілейтін әріптердің орнына Харакаттар пайдаланылады. Қысқа а — фатха, ал қысқа у — дамма деп аталып алдындағы дауыссыздың үстіне, ал қысқа и — кәсрә деп алдындағы дауыссыздың астына белгіленеді. Араб жазуының дамып, жетілуіне және мәтінді дұрыс оқуға қажетті әр түрлі диакритик. белгілердің қолданылуына [[Құран|Құранның]] әсері ерекше болды. Шамамен 702 жылы [[Ирак|Ирактың]] әмірі [[ибн Жүсіп әл-Хаджаж|ибн Жүсіп әл-Хаджаждың]] нұсқауымен алғашқы дәйекше белгілер қойыла бастаған. Бастапқы белгілер бірдей әріптерді ажыратуға қажетті ноқаттар немесе сызықшалар түрінде болды. Кейінірек Харакаттар, хамза, мадда, уасла, ташдид, сукун белгілері пайда болды. Араб тілінде түбір сөз дауыссыздарға негізделген болса, сөздің әр түрлі формалары, туынды түбірлері дауыстылардың орын ауыстыруы, созылыңқы дауыстылардың қатысуы арқылы жасалады. Яғни, бірдей түбірлер әр түрлі мағынаны білдіреді. Қазіргі араб елдерінде баспасөзде, кітаптарда жазуға Харакаттар қолданылмайды.<ref>Ислам. Энциклопедиялық анықтамалық. Алматы: “Аруна Ltd.” ЖШС,
2010 ISBN 9965-26-322-1</ref>
==Ташкиль==
{{Араб әліппесі}}
===Харакаттар===
Араб тіліндегі харакат сөзінің мәні қазақ тілінде "қозғалыс" деген мағынаны береді, бұлар әріптерді қысқа дауысты дыбыстар.
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The ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḥarakāt}}'', which literally means "motions", are the short vowel marks. There is some ambiguity as to which ''{{transl|ar|DIN|taškīl}}'' are also ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḥarakāt}}''; the ''{{transl|ar|DIN|tanwīn}}'', for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants.
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====Фатхә====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ـَ}}</div>
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The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|فَتْحَة}}⟩ is a small diagonal line placed ''above'' a letter, and represents a short {{IPA|/a/}}. The word ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥa}}'' itself ({{lang|ar|فَتْحَة}}) means ''opening'', and refers to the opening of the mouth when producing an {{IPA|/a/}}. Example with ''[[Dalet|{{transl|ar|DIN|dāl}}]]'' (henceforth, the base consonant in the following examples): ⟨{{lang|ar|دَ}}⟩ {{IPA|/da/}}.
A '''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥa}}''' followed by an ⟨{{lang|ar|ا}}⟩ (''[[Aleph|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}]]'') indicate a long {{IPA|/aː/}}. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دَا}}⟩ {{IPA|/daː/}}. The ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' is not usually written in such cases.
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====Кәсра====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ـِ}}</div>
<!--
A similar diagonal line ''below'' a letter is called a '''{{transl|ar|DIN|kasrah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|كَسْرَة}}⟩ and designates a short {{IPA|/i/}}. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دِ}}⟩ {{IPA|/di/}}.
A ''{{transl|ar|DIN|kasrah}}'' plus a following letter ⟨{{lang|ar|ﻱ}}⟩ (''[[ي|{{transl|ar|DIN|yāʾ}}]]'') indicate a long {{IPA|/iː/}} (as in the English word "steed"). Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دِي}}⟩ {{IPA|/diː/}}. The ''{{transl|ar|DIN|kasrah}}'' is usually not written in such cases but if ''[[ي|{{transl|ar|DIN|yāʾ}}]]'' is pronounced as a diphthong {{IPA|/aj/}}, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation. The word ''{{transl|ar|DIN|kasrah}}'' means "breaking".
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====Доммаһ====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ـُ}}</div>
<!--
The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḍammah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|ضَمَّة}}⟩ is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short {{IPA|/u/}}. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دُ}}⟩ {{IPA|/du/}}.
And the '''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḍammah}}''' with a following letter ⟨{{lang|ar|و}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|[[wāw]]}}'') designates a long {{IPA|/uː/}} (as in the English word "blue"). Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دُو}}⟩ {{IPA|/duː/}}. The ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḍammah}}'' is usually not written in such cases but if ''{{transl|ar|DIN|wāw}}'' is pronounced as a diphthong {{IPA|/aw/}}, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation.
{{clear}}
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====МаддаҺ====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|آ}}</div>
<!--
The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|maddah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|مَدَّة}}⟩ is a [[tilde]]-like diacritic which can appear only on top of an ''[[Aleph|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}]]'' and indicates a glottal stop followed by long {{IPA|/aː/}}.
The sequence {{IPA|/ʔaː/}} should logically be spelled with a hamza on an ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' (representing the {{IPA|/ʔ/}}) followed by another''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' (representing the {{IPA|/aː/}}) but two consecutive ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}''s, including the combination *⟨{{lang|ar|أَا}}⟩, is never written. The sequence {{IPA|/ʔaː/}} must always be written with an ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif maddah}}''. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|قُرْآن}}⟩ {{IPA|/qurˈʔaːn/}}.
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====Әлиф ханджәрияһ====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ــٰ}}</div>
<!--
The '''superscript (or dagger) ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}''''' ⟨{{lang|ar|أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif ḫanǧariyyah}}''), is written as short vertical stroke on top of a consonant. It indicates a long {{IPA|/aː/}} sound where ''[[Aleph#Arabic|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}]]'' is normally not written, e.g. ⟨{{lang|ar|هٰذَا}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|hāḏā}}'') or ⟨{{lang|ar|رَحْمٰن}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|raḥmān}}'').
The dagger ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' occurs in only a few words, but these include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}.'' The word [[Allah]] ⟨{{lang|ar|الله}}⟩ ({{transl|ar|DIN|''Allāh''}}) is usually produced automatically by entering ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif lām lām hāʾ}}.'' The word consists of ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' + ligature of doubled ''{{transl|ar|DIN|lām}}'' with a ''{{transl|ar|DIN|šaddah}} and a dagger {{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' above ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾlām}}''.
{{clear}}
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====Әлиф уаслаһ====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ٱ}}</div>
<!--
The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|waṣlah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|وَصْلَة}}⟩, '''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif waṣlah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|أَلِف وَصْلَة}}⟩ or '''{{transl|ar|DIN|hamzat waṣl}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|هَمْزَة وَصْل}}⟩ looks like a small letter ''[[Tsade#Arabic Ṣad|{{transl|ar|DIN|ṣād}}]]'' on top of an ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' ⟨{{lang|ar|ٱ}}⟩ (also indicated by an ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' ⟨{{lang|ar|ا}}⟩ without a ''{{transl|ar|DIN|hamzah}}''). It means that the ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' is not pronounced, e.g. ⟨{{lang|ar|بٱسم}}⟩.
It only occurs in the beginning of words (can occur after prepositions and the definite article). It is commonly found in imperative verbs, the perfective aspect of verb stems VII to X and their verbal nouns (''{{transl|ar|DIN|maṣdar}}''). The ''alif'' of the definite article is considered a ''{{transl|ar|DIN|waṣlah}}.''
{{clear}}
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====Сукун====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ـْـ}}</div>
<!--
The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|sukūn}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|سُكُون}}⟩ is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter. It indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel; this is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دَدْ}}⟩ ''{{transl|ar|DIN|dad}}.''
The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|sukūn}}''' may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' followed by the letter ⟨{{lang|ar|ﻱ}}⟩ (''[[ي|{{transl|ar|DIN|yāʾ}}]]'') with a {{transl|ar|DIN|sukūn}} over it indicates the diphthong ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ay}}'' ([[IPA]] {{IPA|/aj/}}). A ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' followed by the letter ⟨{{lang|ar|ﻭ}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|[[wāw]]}}'') with a ''{{transl|ar|DIN|sukūn}}'' indicates {{IPA|/aw/}}.
{{clear}}
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==Тануин==
==Пайдаланған әдебиет==
<references/>
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