Пайым: Нұсқалар арасындағы айырмашылық

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{{Философия (жақтаулық)}}
'''Пайым''' ({{lang-en|Reason}}, {{lang-la|ratio}}) — [[ақиқат]]ты тану мақсатында белгілі, немесе байқалған ақпараттардан логикалы түрде [[ойқорытынды]] жасайтын жоғары сана қабілеті.[<ref>{{Cite book|last=Proudfoot|first=Michael|title=The Routledge dictionary of philosophy|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|others=A. R. Lacey, A. R.. Lacey|isbn=978-0-203-42846-7|edition=4th|location=London|pages=341|oclc=503050369|quote=Reason: A general faculty common to all or nearly all humans...this faculty has seemed to be of two sorts, a faculty of intuition by which one 'sees' truths or abstract things ('essences' or universals, etc.), and a faculty of reasoning, i.e. passing from premises to a conclusion (discursive reason). The verb 'reason is confined to this latter sense, which is now anyway the commonest for the noun too}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rescher|first=Nicholas|title=The Oxford companion to philosophy|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Ted Honderich|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-153265-8|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|pages=791|oclc=62563098|quote=reason. The general human 'faculty' or capacity for truth-seeking and problem solving}}</ref> Ол [[философия]], [[ғылым]], [[Тіл (лингвистика)|тіл]], [[математика]] және [[өнер]] секілді адамға тән белсенділіктерге тығыз байланысты болып, әдетте ол адамзатты өзге түрлер мен құбылыстардан даралаған ерекше қабілет саналады.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mercier |first1=Hugo |last2=Sperber |first2=Dan |author-link2=Dan Sperber |date=2017 |title=The Enigma of Reason |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674368309 |oclc=959650235 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zc-WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2] |quote=Enhanced with reason, cognition can secure better knowledge in all domains and adjust action to novel and ambitious goals, or so the story goes. [...] Understanding why only a few species have echolocation is easy. Understanding why only humans have reason is much more challenging.}} Compare: {{cite book |last1=MacIntyre |first1=Alasdair |author-link1=Alasdair MacIntyre |title=Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv9Jx5iQ4uYC |series=The Paul Carus Lectures |volume=20 |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing]] |date=1999 |isbn=9780812693973 |oclc=40632451 |access-date=2014-12-01 |quote=[...] the exercise of independent practical reasoning is one essential constituent to full human flourishing. It is not—as I have already insisted—that one cannot flourish at all, if unable to reason. Nonetheless not to be able to reason soundly at the level of practice is a grave disability.}}</ref> Пайым әдетте [[пайымдылық]] (рационалдылық) ретінде де көрінеді.<ref>See, for example:
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Amoretti |editor1-first=Maria Cristina |editor2-last=Vassallo |editor2-first=Nicla |editor2-link=Nicla Vassallo |date=2013 |title=Reason and Rationality |series=Philosophische Analyse / Philosophical Analysis |volume=48 |location=Berlin |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=9783868381634 |oclc=807032616 |doi=10.1515/9783110325867 }}
* {{cite book |last=Audi |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Audi |date=2001 |title=The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195141121 |oclc=44046914 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158427.001.0001 }}
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