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313 жылғы Милан жарлығына сәйкес, Император Константин I Христиандарға дін бостандығына кепілдік берді. 402 жылы Визиготтар қаланы қоршауға алды. Империя резиденциясы Равеннаға көшірілді. 50 жылдан кейін(452 жылы), Ғұндар қаланы жаулап алды. 539 жылы Остроготтар Готтық соғыс(535–554) деп аталатын Византия Императоры Джустиниан I-ге қарсы соғыс барысында Миланды басып алып, қиратты. 569 жылдың жазында, Лонгобардтар(Италиядағы Ломбард өңірінің атауы осыған байланысты пайда болған)қаланы қорғауға қалған саны жағынан аз Византия әскерін жеңіп, Миланды бағындырды. Ломбард билігі кезінде де Рим Империясындағы құрылымдары қолданыста болды. 774 жылы Милан Франктерге
берілді.
Milan surrendered to the [[Franks]] in 774 when [[Charlemagne]], in an utterly novel decision, took the title "King of the Lombards" as well (before then the Germanic kingdoms had frequently conquered each other, but none had adopted the title of King of another people). The [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]] dates from this period. Subsequently Milan was part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
===Middle Ages===
[[File:IMG 3734 - Milano - Stemma visconteo- sull'Arcivescovado - Foto di Giovanni Dall'Orto - 15-jan-2007.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|The [[Biscione]]: the coat of arms of the House of Visconti, from the Archbishops’ palace in [[Piazza del Duomo, Milan|Piazza Duomo]]. The initials IO<HANNES> stand for archbishop [[Giovanni Visconti (cardinal)|Giovanni Visconti]] (1342–1354).]]
During [[Middle Ages|the Middle Ages]], Milan prospered as a centre of trade due to its command of the rich plain of the Po and routes from Italy across the Alps. The war of conquest by [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I Barbarossa]] against the Lombard cities brought the destruction of much of Milan in 1162. After the founding of the [[Lombard League]] in 1167, Milan took the leading role in this alliance. As a result of the independence that the Lombard cities gained in the [[Peace of Constance]] in 1183, Milan became a duchy. In 1208 [[Rambertino Buvalelli]] served a term as [[podestà]] of the city, in 1242 [[Luca Grimaldi]], and in 1282 [[Luchetto Gattilusio]]. The position could be fraught with personal dangers in the violent political life of the [[medieval commune]]: in 1252 Milanese heretics assassinated the Church's Inquisitor, later known as [[Peter of Verona|Saint Peter Martyr]], at a ford in the nearby ''contado''; the killers bribed their way to freedom, and in the ensuing riot the ''podestà'' was very nearly lynched. In 1256 the archbishop and leading nobles were expelled from the city. In 1259 [[Martino della Torre]] was elected ''Capitano del Popolo'' by members of the [[guild]]s; he took the city by force, expelled his enemies, and ruled by dictatorial powers, paving streets, digging canals, successfully taxing the countryside. His policy, however, brought the Milanese treasury to collapse; the use of often reckless mercenary units further angered the population, granting an increasing support for the Della Torre's traditional enemies, the Visconti. It is worthy of note that the most important industries throughout the period were major armaments and wool production, a whole catalogue of activities and trades is given in Bonvesin della Riva's "de Magnalibus Urbis Mediolani".
[[File:Milano Castello 1.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The [[Castello Sforzesco]], ancient residence of the [[House of Sforza]].]]
On 22 July 1262 [[Ottone Visconti]] was created [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|archbishop of Milan]] by [[Pope Urban IV]], against the Della Torre candidate, Raimondo della Torre, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Como|Bishop of Como]]. The latter thus started to publicize allegations of the Visconti's closeness to the heretic [[Catharism|Cathars]] and charged them of high treason: the Visconti, who accused the Della Torre of the same crimes, were then banned from Milan and their properties confiscated. The civil war which ensued caused more damage to Milan's population and economy, lasting for more than a decade. Ottone Visconti unsuccessfully led a group of exiles against the city in 1263, but after years of escalating violence on all sides, finally, after the victory in the [[Battle of Desio]] (1277), he won the city for his family. The [[House of Visconti|Visconti]] succeeded in ousting the [[della Torre]] forever, ruling the city and its possession until the 15th century.
Much of the prior history of Milan was the tale of the struggle between two political factions—the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelphs and the Ghibellines]]. Most of the time the Guelphs were successful in the city of Milan. However, the Visconti family were able to seize power (signoria) in Milan, based on their "Ghibelline" friendship with the German Emperors.<ref>Henry S. Lucas, ''The Renaissance and the Reformation'' (Harper & Bros.: New York, 1960) p. 37.</ref> In 1395, one of these emperors, Wenceslas (1378–1400), raised the Milanese to the dignity of a duchy.<ref>''Ibid.'', p. 38.</ref> Also in 1395, [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]] became duke of Milan. The Ghibelline Visconti family was to retain power in Milan for a century and a half from the early 14th century until the middle of the 15th century.<ref>Robert S. Hoyt & Stanley Chodorow ''Europe in the Middle Ages'' (Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich: New York, 1976) p. 614.</ref>
In 1447 [[Filippo Maria Visconti]], [[List of rulers of Milan|Duke of Milan]], died without a male heir; following the end of the Visconti line, the [[Golden Ambrosian Republic|Ambrosian Republic]] was enacted. The Ambrosian Republic took its name from St. Ambrose, popular patron saint of the city of Milan.<ref name="lucas:268">Henry S. Lucas, ''The Renaissance and the Reformation'' p. 268.</ref> Both the Guelph and the Ghibelline factions worked together to bring about the Ambrosian Republic in Milan. However, the Republic collapsed when in 1450, Milan was conquered by [[Francesco I Sforza|Francesco Sforza]], of the [[House of Sforza]], which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian [[Renaissance]].<ref name="lucas:268"/><ref name="InternationalStudent">{{cite web |url=http://internationalrelations.unicatt.it/it/international_student/the_history_of_milan |title=The History of Milan – Relazioni Internazionali – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore |publisher=internationalrelations.unicatt.it |accessdate=2010-01-14}}</ref>
===Early Modern===
[[File:Braun Milano HAAB.jpg|thumb|right|The late 16th-century city encircled by the [[Walls_of_Milan#Spanish_walls|Spanish walls]].]]
The French king [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]] first laid claim to the duchy in 1492. At that time, Milan was defended by [[Swiss mercenaries]]. After the victory of Louis's successor Francis I over the Swiss at the [[Battle of Marignano]], the duchy was promised to the French king [[Francis I of France|Francis I]]. When the Habsburg [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] defeated Francis I at the [[Battle of Pavia]] in 1525, [[northern Italy]], including Milan, passed to the [[House of Habsburg]].<ref>John Lothrop Motley, ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic'' Vol. II (Harper Bros.: New York, 1855) p. 2.</ref>
In 1556, Charles V abdicated in favour of his son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] and his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]. Charles's Italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II and the Spanish line of Habsburgs, while Ferdinand's Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire. The [[Italian plague of 1629–1631|Great Plague of Milan]] in 1629–31 killed an estimated 60,000 people out of a population of 130,000. This episode is considered one of the last outbreaks of the centuries-long [[pandemic]] of plague which began with the [[Black Death]].<ref>Cipolla, Carlo M. ''Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.</ref>
In 1700 the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]]. After his death, the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] began in 1701 with the occupation of all Spanish possessions by French troops backing the claim of the French [[Philip V of Spain|Philippe of Anjou]] to the Spanish throne. In 1706, the French were defeated in [[Battle of Ramillies|Ramillies]] and [[Battle of Turin|Turin]] and were forced to yield northern Italy to the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrian Habsburgs]]. In 1713, the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Spain's Italian possessions including [[Lombardy]] and its capital, Milan.
[[File:Episodio delle cinque giornate (Baldassare Verazzi).jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Milanese]] [[patriotism|patriot]]s fight [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] troops during the [[Five Days of Milan|Five Days]].]]
[[Napoleon]] invaded Italy in 1796, and Milan was declared capital of the [[Cisalpine Republic]]. Later, he declared Milan capital of the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] and was crowned in the Duomo. Once Napoleon's occupation ended, the [[Congress of Vienna]] returned Lombardy, and Milan, along with [[Veneto]], to Austrian control in 1815.<ref>{{cite web|last= Bloy| first = Marjie| title = The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814—8 June 1815|publisher = The Victorian Web| date = 30 April 2002| url = http://www.victorianweb.org/history/forpol/vienna.html|accessdate = 2009-06-09}}</ref> During this period, Milan became a centre of lyric [[opera]]. Here in the 1770s [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] had premiered three operas at the [[Teatro Regio Ducal]]. Later [[La Scala]] became the reference theatre in the world, with its premières of [[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]], [[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]], [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] and Verdi. [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]] himself is interred in the [[Casa di Riposo per Musicisti]], his present to Milan. In the 19th century other important theatres were ''La Cannobiana'' and the ''Teatro Carcano''.
On March 18, 1848, the Milanese rebelled against Austrian rule, during the so-called "[[Five Days of Milan|Five Days]]" ([[Italian language|Italian:]] ''Le Cinque Giornate''), and Field Marshal [[Joseph Radetzky von Radetz|Radetzky]] was forced to withdraw from the city temporarily. However, after defeating Italian forces at [[Battle of Custoza (1848)|Custoza]] on July 24, Radetzky was able to reassert Austrian control over Milan and northern Italy. However, Italian nationalists, championed by the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], called for the removal of Austria in the interest of [[Italian unification]]. Sardinia and France formed an alliance and defeated Austria at the [[Battle of Solferino]] in 1859.<ref name="Solferino">{{cite web|title = Solferino |author=Graham J. Morris|url = http://www.battlefieldanomalies.com/solferino/08_the_battle.htm |accessdate= 2009-06-09}}</ref> Following this battle, Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia, which soon gained control of most of Italy and in 1861 was rechristened as the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]]. The [[Italian unification|political unification of Italy]] cemented Milan's commercial dominance over northern Italy. It also led to a flurry of railway construction which had started under Austrian partronage (Venice-Milan; Milan-Monza) that made Milan the rail hub of northern Italy. Thereafter with the opening of the [[Gotthard Rail Tunnel|Gotthard]] (1881) and [[Simplon Pass|Simplon]] (1906) railway tunnels, Milan became the major South European rail focus for business and passenger movements e.g. the Simplon Orient Express. Rapid industrialization and market expansion put Milan at the centre of Italy's leading industrial region, though in the 1890s Milan was shaken by the [[Bava-Beccaris massacre]], a riot related to a high [[inflation rate]]. Meanwhile, as Milanese banks dominated Italy's financial sphere, the city became the country's leading [[financial centre]]. Milan's [[economic growth]] brought a rapid expansion in the city's area and population during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name="World"/>
===Late modern and contemporary===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12689, Mailand, Signallampen im Straßenverkehr.jpg|thumb|right|View of [[Piazza del Duomo, Milan]] in the early 20th century.]]
In 1919, [[Benito Mussolini]] organized the [[Blackshirts]], who formed the core of [[Italian Fascism|Italy's Fascist movement]], in Milan and, in 1922, the [[March on Rome]] began from the city. During the [[World War II|Second World War]] Milan suffered severe damage from British and American bombing. Even though [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|Italy quit the war]] in 1943, the Germans occupied most of [[Northern Italy]] until 1945. Some of the worst [[Allies|Allied]] bombing of Milan was in 1944 and much of it focused around [[Milano Centrale railway station|Milan's main railway station]]. In 1943, anti-German resistance in occupied Italy increased and there was much fighting in Milan. As the war came to an end, the American [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] advanced on Milan as part of the [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Po Valley Campaign]]. But even before they arrived, members of the [[Italian resistance movement]] rose up in open revolt in Milan and liberated the city. Nearby, Mussolini and several members of his [[Italian Social Republic]] (''Repubblica Sociale Italiana'', or RSI) were captured by the resistance at [[Dongo (CO)|Dongo]] and executed. On 29 April 1945, the bodies of the Fascists were taken to Milan and hanged unceremoniously upside-down at Piazzale Loreto, a major public square.
[[Сурет:Milano-cordusio01.jpg |thumb|left|150px|"Credito Italiano" сарайы.]]
After the war the city was the [[Milan (camp)|site of a refugee camp]] for Jews fleeing from Austria. During the [[Italian economic miracle|economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s a large wave of internal immigration, especially from [[Southern Italy]], moved to Milan and the population peaked at 1,723,000 in 1971. During this period, Milan saw a re-construction of most of its destroyed buildings and factories, and was affected by a rapid post-war economic growth, called ''Il boom'' in Italy. The city saw the construction of several innovative and modernist buildings and skyscrapers, such as the Torre Velasca and the Pirelli Tower. Milan was, however, in the late-1960s until the late-1970s seriously affected by the Marxist/Leninist/Communist Italian group called ''[[Red Brigades|Brigate Rosse]]'', or ''Red Brigades'', and the city was often filled with political manifestations and protests. A major event of this period of turmoil, known as the [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]] occurred in Milan on December 12, 1969, when a [[Piazza Fontana bombing|bomb exploded in the National Agrarian Bank in the Piazza Fontana]], killing seventeen people and injuring eighty-eight.
The population of Milan began to shrink during the late 1970s, so in the last 30 years almost one third of the total city population moved to the outer belt of new suburbs and small cities that grew around Milan proper.<ref name="ISTAT">{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/unitav/index.html?lingua=eng |title=Italian Population Life Tables by province and region of residence |publisher=demo.istat.it |accessdate=2010-01-14}}</ref> At the same time the city also attracted increasing levels of foreign immigration. Emblematic of the new phenomenon is the quick and great extension of a "[[Via Paolo Sarpi|Milanese Chinatown]]", a district in the area around [[Via Paolo Sarpi]], Via Bramante, Via Messina and Via Rosmini, populated by [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese immigrants]] from [[Zhejiang]], one of today's most picturesque districts in the city. Milan is also home to one-third of all [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] in Italy, harbouring a sizeable and steadily growing population that numbers just over 33,000<ref>{{cite web| title = Backgrounder: Profile of Filipinos in Northern Italy|publisher = Republic of the Philippines Office of the Press Secretary| month = February|year = 2009| url = http://www.ops.gov.ph/feb-visits2009/backgrounder.htm#Northern%20Italy| accessdate = 2009-06-21}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> with a birth rate averaging 1000 births a year.<ref>{{cite web|last= Uy| first = Veronica|title = Filipinos populating Milan, as 3 are born there daily—exec| publisher = INQUIRER.net| date = 29 April 2008| url = http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20080429-133398/Filipinos-populating-Milan-as-3-are-born-there-daily--exec|accessdate = 2009-06-21}}</ref>
In the 1980s, Milan's industry began to be extremely successful. As it became a major exporter of textiles and several clothing labels headquartered in the city began to become internationally renowned (such as Armani, Versace and Dolce & Gabbana), Milan began to be recognized internationally as a major fashion capital, and the traditionally affordable and practical, yet stylish and chic attire produced by the city's stylists made it a serious global competitor, threatening Paris' century-long status as the world capital ''haute couture'' or high-fashion. The city also saw a rise in the number of international tourists, notably from China, Japan or other Far-Eastern countries. This period of prosperity and the new international image of the city being a "capital of fashion" led many journalists to call the metropolis during the period ''"Milano da bere"'', literally "Milan to drink".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/cultura/200804articoli/31497girata.asp |title=L'uomo che inventò la Milano da bere |publisher=Lastampa.It |date=2008-01-04 |accessdate=2010-03-25}}</ref>
[[File:Construction site in July 2010 in Milan.jpg|thumb|High rise buildings under construction in [[Porta Nuova (Milan)|Porta Nuova]] district, 2010.]]
In the 1990s, Milan was badly affected by [[Tangentopoli]], a serious political scandal centered in the Palazzo delle Stelline complex, in which several politicians and businessmen were tried for alleged corruption. The city also underwent a financial crisis, and faced sluggish industrial growth, compared to that of the 1950s and 1980s. Despite this, Milan ripened its image as a fashion and design capital, with new labels such as [[Miu Miu]] setting up. By the late-1990s, Milan regained some slight industrial and economic stimulus to grow.
By the early 21st century, Milan's economy, which had been stagnant in the early-1990s, began to re-grow slightly again, yet this was short-lived and the city, despite having relieved itself from Tangentopoli's strain, fell into another economic recession and crisis. This period saw a rapid fall in Milan's industrial exports, and the Asian textile and clothing companies began to rival the still strong, yet declining Milanese fashion labels. However, Milan was able to maintain its strong economy, firstly by moving its Fiera (an exposition of products related to mainly industrial design) to a new establishment in [[Rho (Italy)|Rho]] just outside the city,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storiadimilano.it/cron/dal1991al2000.htm |title=Storia di Milano ::: dal 1991 al 2000 |publisher=Storiadimilano.it |accessdate=2010-03-25}}</ref> and the announcement in 2008 of the city hosting the [[Expo 2015]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storiadimilano.it/cron/dal2001.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080118041353/http://www.storiadimilano.it/cron/dal2001.htm|archivedate=2008-01-18 |title=Storia di Milano ::: dal 2001 |publisher=Storiadimilano.it |accessdate=2010-03-25}}</ref> has brightened prospects for the city's future, with several new plans of regeneration and the planned construction of numerous avant-garde structures. Despite the decline in Milan's industrial production,<ref name="auto_NvjyqU+TaXnePfXnMamasQ">{{cite web|url = http://www.arianuovainlombardia.it/ Eco-milanese.doc|title = La Locomotive if il fiatone|language =Italian |accessdate = 2008-12-07}}</ref> the city has found alternative and successful sources of revenue, including publishing, [[finance]], [[bank]]ing, food production, [[information technology]], [[logistics]], transport and tourism.<ref name="auto_NvjyqU+TaXnePfXnMamasQ"/> Overall, Milan's population seems to have stabilized in recent years, and there has been only a slight increase in the population of the city since 2001.<ref name="ISTAT"/>
==Municipal Administration==
[[File:Quartieri.png|thumb|right|The nine districts of Milan]]
===Politics===
{{See also|List of mayors of Milan}}
The current mayor of Milan is [[Giuliano Pisapia]], representing a centre-Left coalition composed by [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]], [[Left Ecology Freedom]], [[Federation of the Greens|Greens]], [[Italy of Values|IdV]] and [[Communist Refoundation Party|Communists]].
===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Milan}}
The city of Milan is subdivided into administrative zones, called ''Zonas''. Before 1999, the city had 20 ''Zone''; in 1999 the administration decided to reduce the number of these zones from 20 to 9. Today, the ''Zona 1'' is in the "historic centre", the zone within the perimeter of the Spanish-era city walls; the other eight cover the areas from the Zona 1 borders to the city limits. So a zone is very big (considering inhabitants' number), comparable to many Italian city or even a half or third of some Italian [[province]] (''provincia''). Nevertheless a zone's government and zone representatives in Milan have very little power and very few duties.
==Geography==
[[File:Milan at Night.JPG|thumb|Photograph of Milan at night from space.]]
===Topography===
The [[Italian communes|commune]] of Milan is located in the north-western section of the [[Po Valley]], between the rivers [[Ticino]] and [[Adda (river)|Adda]], among the river [[Po (river)|Po]] and the first reliefs of the [[Alps]]. It has a surface area of {{convert|181|km²|0|abbr=on}} standing {{convert|122|m|2|abbr=on}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]].
{{Geographic location
|title = '''Neighbouring towns, villages and places'''
|Northwest = [[Varese]]
|North = [[Como]]
|Northeast = [[Bergamo]]
|West = [[Novara]]
|Centre = Milan
|East = [[Brescia]]
|Southwest = [[Vigevano]]
|South = [[Pavia]]
|Southeast = [[Piacenza]]
}}
===Climate===
Milan has a [[Humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfa''),<ref>[[Media:World Koppen Map.png|Wikimedia.org]]</ref> - although with some [[continental climate|continental]] characteristics - similar to much of Northern Italy's inland plains, where hot, humid and very sultry summers and cold, wet winters prevail.<ref name="NatGeo"/>{{Failed verification|date=July 2011}}
Average temperatures in city center are 37 F (3°C) in January with {{convert|28|°F|0|abbr=on}} for the minimum and {{convert|77|°F|0|abbr=on}} in July with average maximum of 86 F (30°C). Snowfalls are relatively common during winter but with few days with snow. The historic average of Milan's area of 8,2 (21 cm)in the period between 1950 and 2007; with a record of 27,5 in (70 cm) during the famous snowfall of January 1985. Humidity is quite high during the whole year and annual precipitation averages about 1000 mm (40 in).<ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/cities/city_milan.html |title=Milan, Italy facts, Milan, [[Italy]] travel videos, flags, photos – National Geographic |publisher=travel.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://marcopifferetti.altervista.org/carte-2008-2009/carta%2061-09.htm|title= Average snowfall 1960-1961 al 2009-2010|editor=marcopifferetti.altervista.org|accessdate=10-11-2010}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2011}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://marcopifferetti.altervista.org/Grafici%20citt%E0/Milano.GIF|editor=marcopifferetti.altervista.org|format=gif|accessdate=2010-06-17|title=Average snowfall Milan}}</ref> The ventilation is poor throughout the year and this increases the rate of pollution.
In the stereotypical image, the city is often shrouded in the heavy fog characteristic of cold seasons in the [[Po Valley|Po Basin]], although the removal of rice paddies from the southern neighbourhoods, the [[urban heat island]] effect and the reduction of pollution from factories have reduced this phenomenon in recent years, at least in the city centre but the pollution is still very high. Wind is generally absent. In spring, though, gale-force windstorms can happen, generated either by [[Tramontane|Tramontana]] blowing from the Alps or by [[Bora (wind)|Bora]]-like winds from northeast.
{{Milan weatherbox}}
==Main sights==
[[File:Panorámica Plaza Duomo (Milán).jpg|thumb|centre|600px|A view of the Piazza del Duomo, the city's main and most central square, surrounded by several palaces and important buildings, such as [[Milan Cathedral]], the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II and the [[Royal Palace of Milan]].]]
===Architecture===
{{See also|List of buildings in Milan|Villas and palaces in Milan}}
[[File:DuomoDiMilano.jpg|thumb|left|The Gothic façade of the Milan Cathedral.]]
There are few remains of the ancient [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] colony that later became a capital of the Western Roman Empire. During the second half of the 4th century, [[Ambrose|Saint Ambrose]], as bishop of Milan, had a strong influence on the layout of the city, redesigning the centre (although the cathedral and baptistery built at this time are now lost) and building the great basilicas at the city gates: [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio|Sant'Ambrogio]], [[San Nazaro in Brolo]], [[Basilica of San Simpliciano|San Simpliciano]] and [[Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio|Sant'Eustorgio]], which still stand, refurbished over the centuries, as some of the finest and most important churches in Milan. The largest and most important example of [[Gothic architecture]] in Italy, the [[Milan Cathedral]], is the fourth largest cathedral in the world<ref name="nytimes frommer's">{{cite news |title = Duomo |work = Frommer's |url = http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/europe/italy/milan/25103/duomo/attraction-detail.html |accessdate = 2009-06-01}}</ref> after [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]], the [[Seville Cathedral|Cathedral of Seville]] and a new cathedral in the [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]].<ref name="nytimes frommer's"/> Built between 1386 and 1577, it hosts the world's largest collection of marble statues with the widely visible golden Madonna statue on top of the spire, nicknamed by the people of Milan as ''Madunina'' (the little Madonna), that became one of the symbols of the city.
[[File:AbbaziaChiaravalle.jpg|thumb|The [[Chiaravalle Abbey]], founded in 1135.]]
In the second half of the fifteenth century, when the [[House of Sforza|Sforza]] ruled the city, the old Visconti fortress was enlarged and embellished to became the [[Castello Sforzesco]]: the seat of an elegant Renaissance court surrounded by a walled hunting park stocked with game captured around the [[Seprio]] and [[Lake Como]]. Notable architects involved in the project included the [[Florence|Florentine]] [[Filarete]], who was commissioned to build the high central entrance tower, and the military specialist [[Bartolomeo Gadio]].<ref>[http://www.milanocastello.it/ing/lungaRicostruito.html ‘The Castle Reconstructed by the Sforza’], Castello Sforzesco website.</ref>
The political alliance between Francesco Sforza and the Florence of [[Cosimo de' Medici|Cosimo de’ Medici]] bore architectural fruit, as Milanese building came under the influence of [[Filippo Brunelleschi|Brunelleschi]]an models of Renaissance architecture. The first notable buildings to show this Tuscan influence were a palazzo built to house the [[Medici Bank]] (of which only the main entrance survives) and the centrally planned [[Portinari Chapel]], attached to Sant’Eustorgio and built for the first manager of the bank’s Milan branch. Filarete, while in Milan, was responsible for the great public hospital known as the [[Ospedale Maggiore]], and also for an influential ''Treatise on Architecture'', which included a plan for a star-shaped [[ideal city]] called Sforzinda in honour of [[Francesco I Sforza|Francesco Sforza]] and passionately argued for the centrally planned form. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], who was in Milan from around 1482 until the fall of the city to the French in 1499, was commissioned in 1487 to design a ''tiburio'', or [[crossing (architecture)|crossing tower]] for the cathedral, although he was not chosen to build it.<ref>[http://www.universalleonardo.org/lifeevent.php?event=275 ‘First Milanese period 1481/2 – 1499 (1487)’], Universal Leonardo.</ref><ref>[http://www.universalleonardo.org/lifeevent.php?event=276 ‘First Milanese period 1481/2 – 1499 (1488)’], Universal Leonardo.</ref> However the enthusiasm he shared with Filarete for the centrally planned building gave rise in this period to numerous architectural drawings [pictured] which were influential in the work of [[Donato Bramante]] and others. Bramante’s work in the city, which included [[Santa Maria presso San Satiro]] (a reconstruction of a small 9th-century church), the beautiful luminous tribune of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)|Santa Maria delle Grazie]] and three cloisters for Sant’Ambrogio, drew also on his studies of the Early Christian architecture of Milan such as the Basilica of San Lorenzo.<ref name="murray">{{cite book|first= Peter|last= Murray| year=1986| title= The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance| chapter=Milan: Filarete, Leonardo Bramante|pages=105–120|publisher= Thames and Hudson}}</ref>
The [[Counter-Reformation]] was also the period of [[Spanish Empire|Spanish domination]] and was marked by two powerful figures: [[Charles Borromeo|Saint Charles Borromeo]] and his cousin, [[Federico Borromeo|Cardinal Federico Borromeo]]. Not only did they impose themselves as moral guides to the people of Milan, but they also gave a great impulse to culture, with the creation of the [[Biblioteca Ambrosiana]], in a building designed by [[Francesco Maria Richini|Francesco Maria Ricchino]], and the nearby [[Biblioteca Ambrosiana|Pinacoteca Ambrosiana]]. Many beautiful churches and Baroque mansions were built in the city during this period by the architects, [[Pellegrino Tibaldi]], [[Galeazzo Alessi]] and Ricchino himself.<ref name="Wittkower">{{cite book|first= Rudolf|last= Wittkower| year=1993| title= Pelican History of Art| chapter= Art and Architecture Italy, 1600–1750|others=1980|publisher= Penguin Books}}</ref>
Empress [[Maria Theresa of Austria]] was responsible for the significant renovations carried out in Milan during the 18th century. She instigated profound social and civil reforms, as well as the construction of many of the buildings that still today constitute the pride of the city, like the [[La Scala|Teatro alla Scala]], inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and today one of the world's most famous [[opera house]]s. The annexed [[Museo Teatrale alla Scala]] contains a collection of paintings, drafts, statues, costumes, and other documents regarding opera and La Scala's history. La Scala also hosts the [[La Scala Theatre Ballet School|Ballet School of the Teatro alla Scala]]. The Austrian sovereign also promoted culture in Milan through projects such as converting the ancient [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] College, in the district of Brera, into a scientific and cultural centre with a Library, an astronomic observatory and the [[botanical garden]]s, in which the [[Pinacoteca di Brera|Art Gallery]] and the [[Brera Academy|Academy of Fine Arts]] are today placed side by side. Milan was also widely affected by the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] movement in the late-18th and early-19th centuries, transforming its architectural style.
[[File:Arco della Pace V.jpg|thumb|left|The Peace Arch, erected in 1807 by [[Napoleon]] in Neoclassical style.]]
[[Napoleon I|Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s rule of the city in the early 19th century produced several fine Neoclassical edifices and palaces, including the Villa Reale, or often called the Villa del Belgiojoso (not related to the Palazzo Begiojoso). It is situated on Via Palestro and near to the Giardini Pubblici and it was constructed by [[Leopoldo Pollak]] in 1790.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutmilan.com/monuments-in-Milan.html |title=Monuments in Milan |publisher=Aboutmilan.com |accessdate=2010-03-14}}</ref> It housed the Bonaparte family, mainly [[Joséphine de Beauharnais|Josephine Bonaparte]], but also several others, such as Count [[Joseph Radetzky von Radetz]] and [[Eugène de Beauharnais]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It is often regarded as one of the best types of [[Neoclassical architecture]] in Milan and Lombardy and is surrounded by an [[English garden|English landscape garden]]. Today, it hosts the Galleria d'Arte Contemporanea (English: ''Gallery of Contemporary Art'') and it is lavishly decorated inside with ornate classical columns, vast halls, marble statues and crystal chandeliers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Palazzo Belgiojoso was also a grand Napoleonic residence and one of the finest examples of Milanese Neoclassical architecture. [[File:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Milan May 2009.jpg|thumb|right|[[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]]: interior view.]]There are also several other important Neoclassical monuments in the city include the ''Arco della Pace'' or the Arch of Peace, sometimes called the ''Arco Sempione'' (Sempione Arch) and is situated in Piazza Sempione right at the end of the Parco Sempione. It is often compared to a miniature version of the [[Arc de Triomphe]] in Paris. The work on the arch began in 1806 under Napoleon I and it was designed by [[Luigi Cagnola]]. Just like with the Arc de Triomphe, Napoleon's 1826 defeat at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], halted the construction of the monumental arch, but [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Emperor Franz Josef (Francis Joseph) I of Austria]] ordered it to be completed, also as an honour to the [[Congress of Vienna|Vienna Congress]] and peace treaty of 1815. It was completed by [[Francesco Peverelli]] on 10 September 1838.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Another noted Neoclassic building in the city is the Palazzo del Governo, constructed in 1817 by [[Piero Gilardoni]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
[[File:Milano Guastalla Velasca.jpg|thumb|left|The iconic [[Torre Velasca|Velasca Tower]], built in 1958.]]
In the second half of the 19th century, Milan assumed the status of main industrial city of the [[Italian Peninsula|peninsula]] and drew inspiration from other European capitals, center of those technological innovations that constituted the symbol of the [[Second Industrial Revolution|second industrial revolution]] and, consequently, of the great [[social change]] that had been put in motion. The great [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]], a covered passage that connects [[Piazza del Duomo, Milan]] to the square opposite of [[La Scala]], was built by [[Giuseppe Mengoni]] between 1865 and 1877 to celebrate [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Vittorio Emanuele II]], the first king of united Italy. The passage is covered over by an arching [[glass]] and [[cast iron]] roof, a popular design for 19th-century arcades, such as the [[Burlington Arcade]], [[London]], which was the prototype for larger glazed shopping arcades, beginning with the [[Royal Galleries of Saint-Hubert|Saint-Hubert Gallery]] in [[Brussels]] and the [[The Passage|Passazh]] in [[Saint Petersburg|St Petersburg]]. Another late-19th century eclectic monument in the city is the Cimitero Monumentale (literally, "''Monumental Cemetery'' or ''graveyard''"), which is found in the Stazione district of the city and was built in a [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Neo-Romanesque]] style by several architects from 1863 to 1866.
The tumultuous period of the 20th century also brought several innovations in architecture. A form of [[Art Nouveau]], [[Art Deco]] and [[Fascist architecture|Fascist]] style is seen for the monumental [[Milano Centrale railway station|city's Central Station (Stazione Centrale)]]. The post–World War II period of reconstruction saw rapid economic growth that was accompanied by an increase in the population and the founding of new districts, but also for the strong drive for architectural renewal, has produced some of the milestones in the city’s [[history of architecture|architectural history]] including [[Giò Ponti|Gio Ponti]]’s [[Pirelli Tower]] (1956–60), the [[Torre Velasca|Velasca Tower]] (1956–58), the creation of new residential districts and, in recent years, the construction of the new [[FieraMilano|exhibition centre]] in [[Rho (Italy)|Rho]] and the urban renewal of once industrial areas, that have been transformed into modern residential districts and services.
===Parks and gardens===
Despite the fact that Milan has a very small amount of green space in comparison to other cities of the same size,<ref name="slideshare1">{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/mtmexperience/tourist-characteristics-and-the-perceived-image-of-milan |title=Tourist Characteristics and the Perceived Image of Milan |publisher=Slideshare.net |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref> the city does boast a wide variety of parks and gardens. The first public parks were established 1857 and 1862, and were designed by [[Giuseppe Balzaretto]]. They were situated in a "green park district", found in the areas of Piazzale Oberdan (Porta Venezia), [[Corso Venezia]], Via Palestro and Via Manin.<ref name="aboutmilan1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutmilan.com/gardens-and-parks-in-milan.html |title=Gardens and Parks in Milan |publisher=Aboutmilan.com |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref> Most of them were landscaped in a Neoclassical style and represented traditional [[English garden]]s, often full of botanic richness.<ref name="aboutmilan1"/> Since [[1990]] Milan is surrounded by the regional [[Parco Agricolo Sud Milano]] that wraps the southern half of the city, connecting [[Parco del Ticino|Ticino Park]] in the west and [[Parco dell'Adda|Adda Park]] in the east. The Park was instituted in order to safeguard and enhance the old agricultural landscape and activities, woodlands and natural reserves, with an overall size of 47,000 hectares.
[[File:Parco Sempione -Milano.bmp.jpg|thumb|Sempione Park: the pool.]]
The most important parks in Milan are the set of adjacent parks in the western area of the city forming Parco Agricolo Sud Milano (Parco delle Cave, 131 hectares; Boscoincittà, 110 hectares; and [[Trenno]] Park, 59 hectares, whose total area amounts to about 300 hectares), Sempione Park, Parco Forlanini, Giardini Pubblici, Giardino della Villa Comunale, Giardini della Guastalla and [[Lambro]] Park. Sempione Park is a large public park, situated between the [[Castello Sforzesco]] and the Peace Arch, near Piazza Sempione. It was built by Emilio Alemagna, and contains a Napoleonic Arena, the Milan City Aquarium, a tower, an art exhibition centre, some ponds and a library.<ref name="aboutmilan1"/> Then there is Parco Forlani, which, with a size of 235 hectares is the largest park in Milan,<ref name="aboutmilan1"/> and contains a hill and a pond. Giardini Pubblici is among Milan's oldest remaining public parks, founded on 29 November 1783, and completed around 1790.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storiadimilano.it/citta/Porta_Orientale/giardini.htm |title=Storia di Milano ::: Giardini pubblici |publisher=Storiadimilano.it |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref> It is landscaped in English style, containing a pond, a [[Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano|Natural History Museum of Milan]] and the Neoclassical Villa Reale. Giardini della Guastalla is also one of the oldest gardens in Milan, and consists mainly of a decorated fish pond.
Milan also hosts three important [[botanical garden]]s: the [[Orto Botanico Didattico Sperimentale dell'Università di Milano|Milan University Experimental Botanical Garden]] (a small botanical garden operated by the Istituto di Scienze Botaniche), the [[Orto Botanico di Brera|Brera Botanical Garden]] (another botanical garden, founded in 1774 by Fulgenzio Witman, an abbot under the orders of [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Empress Maria Theresa of Austria]], and restored in 1998 after several years of abandonment) and the [[Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa|Cascina Rosa Botanical Garden]]. On January 23, 2003 a [[Righteous among the Nations|Garden of the Righteous]] was established in Monte Stella to commemorate those who opposed genocides and crimes against humankind. It hosts trees dedicated to [[Moshe Bejski]], [[Andrei Sakharov]], the founders of the Gardens of the Righteous in [[Yerevan]] and [[Sarajevo]] [[Svetlana Broz]] and [[Pietro Kuciukian]], and others. The decision to commemorate a "Righteous" person in this Garden is made every year by a commission of high-profile characters.
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Italy}}
[[File:Milan panoramic view north.jpg|thumb|left|One of the post-war public apartment blocks in the outskirts of Milan. Due to a sustained growth of population and rapid arrival of migrants from all over Italy, several of these public housing estates were constructed during the 1950s–1960s.]]
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source: [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] 2001
|1861 |267618
|1871 |290514
|1881 |354041
|1901 |538478
|1911 |701401
|1921 |818148
|1931 |960660
|1936 |1115768
|1951 |1274154
|1961 |1582421
|1971 |1732000
|1981 |1604773
|1991 |1369231
|2001 |1256211
|2010 (Est.) | 1324110
}}
The city proper has a population of 1,324,110 inhabitants as of December 2010. Since the population peaked in 1971, the city proper has lost almost one third of its population, mostly due to [[Urban sprawl|suburban sprawl]] subsequent to the [[deindustrialization]] process of the last three decades. The population of Milan, like many western cities, is characterized by low fertility rates, low crude birth rates and rapid [[ageing]]: in 2009, only 12.6% of the resident population was under 14, while 30.1% was over 60.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/searchresultdetail?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/ho+bisogno+di/ho+bisogno+di/banche+dati+e+statistiche_dati+statistici+relativi+alla+popolazione |title=COMUNE DI MILANO - Popolazione: dati statistici |publisher=Comune.milano.it |date= |accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref>
===Immigration===
After the end of [[World War II]], Milan witnessed two main waves of mass immigration: the first, dating from the 1950s to the 1970s, and mainly composed of immigrants from poorer areas of Italy; the second, starting from the 1980s, and composed of immigrants from outside Italy.
The first migration wave coincided with the so called [[Italian economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s, a period of extraordinary growth based on classic industry and public works expansion, that brought to the city an immense flow of over 400,000 people mainly from rural areas of [[Southern Italy]].<ref>{{Cite book
| author = John Foot
| title = Milan since the miracle: city, culture, and identity
| publisher = Berg
| year= 2001
| location = New York
| page = 43
| isbn = 1-85973-545-2 }}</ref> The second immigration wave, that occurred starting from the 1980s and grew stronger after the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]], was mainly composed of foreign-born immigrants from ([[North Africa]]), [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], and [[Tunisia]], and from ([[Sub-Saharan Africa]]) [[Eritrea]], [[Senegal]], and [[Ivory Coast]]) after 1989, from the former socialist countries of [[Eastern Europe]] and from [[People's Republic of China|China]]. In the early 1990s, Milan already had a population of foreign-born immigrants of 58,000 (or 4% of the then population), that eventually became over 117,000 by the end of the decade (about 9% of the hen population).<ref>{{Cite book
| author = Istituto Nazionale di Urbanistica della Lombardia
| title = Lombardia, politiche e regole per il territorio
| publisher = Alinea Editrice
| year= 1999
| location = Florence
| page = 139
| isbn = 88-8125-332-1 }}</ref> At the end of 2009, the Italian national institute of statistics [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] estimated that about 200,000 foreign-born immigrants lived in Milan, representing 15% of the total resident population, while more than 400,000 lived in the urban area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/strasa2010/index_e.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |date= |accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref>
In addition, Milan hosts the oldest and largest [[Milan Chinatown|Chinese community]] in Italy, with about 17,000 people in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/searchresultdetail?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/ho+bisogno+di/ho+bisogno+di/banche+dati+e+statistiche_dati+statistici+relativi+agli+stranieri |title=COMUNE DI MILANO - Stranieri: dati statistici |publisher=Comune.milano.it |date= |accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref> Situated in the [[Administrative divisions of Milan|9th district]], and centered on Via Paolo Sarpi, an important commercial avenue, the Milanese Chinatown was originally established in the 1920s by immigrants from [[Wencheng County]], in the [[Zhejiang]] province, and used to operate small textile and leather workshops.<ref>{{Cite book
| author = Antonella Ceccagno
| title = ll caso delle comunità cinesi: comunicazione interculturale ed istituzioni
| publisher = Armando Editore
| year= 1997
| location = Rome
| pages = 29–35
| isbn = 88-7144-718-2 }}</ref> Today, the area is famous for its hairdressing salons, oriental fashion boutiques, silk and leather stores, wholesales, and Chinese restaurants. Its multi-ethnical heritage makes the street one of Milan's most cosmopolitan and colourful, notably during the celebrations of [[Chinese New Year]].
There is a substantial anglophone community living in Milan, and several English language publications to cater for them, such as [[Hello Milano]], [[Where Milano]] and [[Easy Milano]].
==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Milan}}
[[File:Palazzo mezzanotte2.jpg|thumb|leftt|Milan Stock Exchange, Italy's main.]]
Milan is one of the world's major financial and business centres, and with a 2004 GDP of € 241.2 billion (US$ 312.3 billion),<ref>[[List of metropolitan areas in the European Union by GDP|List of metropolitan areas in the European Union by GRP]]</ref> the Milan metropolitan area has the 4th highest GDPs in Europe: were it a country, it would rank as the twenty-eighth largest economy in the world, almost as large as the Austrian economy<ref>[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)]]</ref> Milan, according to a study by the European Regional Economic Growth Index is the 57th city in Europe for its GDP growth, being surpassed by some other Italian cities such as Rome and Bologna, yet overcoming Florence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/europe-growth-cities.html |title=European growth cities |publisher=City Mayors |date=2009-10-25 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> Milan has also been described as being the world's 20th best financial city, a far higher result than coming 25th in 2007,<ref name="ReferenceB"/> as the 10th best business city in Europe, overcoming [[Geneva]], and falling behind [[Berlin]], and as the 13th fastest improving European city, improving by 6%.<ref name="citymayors1"/>
The city is the seat of the Italian [[Stock exchange|Stock Exchange]] (the [[Borsa Italiana]]) and its [[hinterland]] is the largest industrial area in Italy. It was included in a list of ten "[[global city|Alpha world cities]]" by Peter J. Taylor and Robert E. Lang of the [[Brookings Institution]] in the economic report "U.S. Cities in the 'World City Network'" ([http://www.brookings.edu/metro/pubs/20050222_worldcities.htm Key Findings], {{PDFlink|[http://www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/metro/pubs/20050222_worldcities.pdf Full Report]|940 KB}}), along with [[Madrid]], [[Seoul]], [[Moscow]], [[Brussels]], [[Toronto]], [[Mumbai]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], and [[Chicago]]. In 2008, GaWC ranked the city as an Alpha+ global city, along with other metropoleis such as Paris, [[Hong Kong]], and [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008c.html |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2008 |publisher=Lboro.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-06-01}}</ref>
In the late 12th century the arts flourished and the making of [[armour]]s was the most important industry. This period saw the beginning of those irrigation works which still render the Lombard plain a fertile garden. The development of the [[wool|wool trade]] subsequently gave the first impetus to the production of silk. As in [[Venice]] and [[Florence]], the making of [[luxury good]]s was an industry of such importance that in the 16th century the city gave its name to the English word “''milaner''” or “''millaner''”, meaning fine wares like jewellery, cloth, hats and luxury apparel. By the 19th century, a later variant, “[[Hatmaking|millinery]]”, had come to mean one who made or sold hats. The [[Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution]] in [[Northern Europe]] gave a new prominence to the north area of Milan. It sat on the [[trade route]] for goods coming over the Alps, and built mills powered by water from the many rivers and streams. In the mid-19th century cheaper silk began to be imported from Asia and the pest phylloxera damaged silk and wine production. More land was subsequently given over to industrialisation. Textile production was followed by metal and mechanical and furniture manufacture.
Today Milan is a major centre for the production of textile and garments, automobiles ([[Alfa Romeo]]), chemicals, industrial tools, heavy machinery, book and music publishing.
[[FieraMilano]], the exhibition center, had a [[Fair Ground|fair ground]] known as "''FieraMilanoCity''", which was dismantled, except for a few remarkable buildings (including the cycle sports stadium, built in the '20s), to be house for an [[urban planning|urban development]], [[CityLife (Milan)|CityLife]], exploiting its vicinity to the city centre. The new fair ground, in the north-western suburb of [[Rho (Italy)|Rho]], which was opened in April 2005, makes the Fiera Milano the largest trade fair complex in the world.
[[File:Expo 2015 logo.png|thumb|right|[[Expo 2015]] logo.]]
Workers in Milan have the highest average incomes in Italy: €30,009.<ref name="ilsole24ore.com"/> The city, by the total income, comes second in Italy, after Rome, with €29,825,439,714.<ref name="ilsole24ore.com"/> In worldwide terms, Milan's workers have the 26th highest gross earnings, four places up from 2008 in which it was 30th. In such a way, Milan has overcome cities such as [[Madrid]] and [[Barcelona]], yet still falls behind [[Montreal]] and [[Toronto]].<ref name="citymayors.com"/> According to a study by Mercer, Milan is the 41st best world city in terms of [[quality of life]], coming after [[London]] and [[Kobe]], and overtaking [[Portland, Oregon]] and Barcelona.
===Milan and the future===
Milan is undergoing a wide urban renewal. Construction projects are under way to rehabilitate disused industrial areas on the periphery. The schemes include the addition to the [[La Scala|Teatro alla Scala]]; the [[CityLife (Milan)|CityLife]] project in the old trade exhibition site; the new quarter Santa Giulia; and the Porta Nuova project in the Garibaldi-Repubblica zone. Many famous architects participate, such as [[Renzo Piano]], [[Norman Foster (architect)|Norman Foster]], [[Zaha Hadid]], [[Massimiliano Fuksas]] and [[Daniel Libeskind]]. The tasks will change the skyline of Milan, which would no longer be dominated by the [[Milan Cathedral|Duomo]] and the [[Pirelli Tower]]. Milan will host [[Expo 2015]] as a renewed city in the wake of this modernization.
==Culture==
===Entertainment and performing arts===
{{See also|Music of Milan}}
[[File:MI-Milano-1964-Teatro-alla-Scala-e-piazza.jpg|thumb|[[La Scala]] opera house.]]
Milan is a major nation-wide and international centre of the performing arts, most notably [[opera]]. Milan hosts [[La Scala]] operahouse, considered one of the most prestigious operahouses in the world,<ref>{{cite news|last=Willey |first=David |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4430214.stm |title=Europe | La Scala faces uncertain future |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-11-12 |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref> and throughout history has hosted the premieres of numerous operas, such as ''[[Nabucco]]'' by [[Giuseppe Verdi]] in 1842, ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]'' by [[Amilcare Ponchielli]], ''[[Madama Butterfly]]'' by [[Giacomo Puccini]] in 1904, ''[[Turandot]]'' by [[Giacomo Puccini]] in 1926, and more recently ''[[Teneke]]'', by [[Fabio Vacchi]] in 2007. Other major theatres in Milan include the [[Teatro degli Arcimboldi]], [[Teatro Dal Verme]], [[Teatro Lirico (Milan)]] and formerly the [[Teatro Regio Ducal]]. The city also has a renownded [[Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi|symphony orchestra]] and [[Milan Conservatory|musical conservatory]], and has been, throughout history, a major centre for musical composition: numerous famous composers and musicians such as [[Gioseppe Caimo]], [[Simon Boyleau]], [[Hoste da Reggio]], [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]], [[Giulio Gatti-Casazza]], [[Paolo Cherici]] and [[Alice Edun]] are or were from, or call or called Milan their home. The city has also formed numerous modern ensembles and bands, such as the [[Dynamis Ensemble]], [[Stormy Six]] and the [[Camerata Mediolanense]] have been formed.
===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Milan}}
[[File:DaVinci Crossbow.JPG|thumb|left|[[Da Vinci]]'s blueprint for a crossbow, part of [[Codex Atlanticus]], ca. 1500.]]
Milan is one of the European Union's most important tourist destinations, also being the 7th best city in Europe in terms of touristic reputation, attractions and branding;<ref name="citymayors2"/> with 1.902 million arrivals in 2007 and 1.914 million in 2008, it places itself 42nd and 52nd respectively, most visited city in the world.<ref name="euromonitor1">{{cite web|url=http://www.euromonitor.com/_Euromonitor_Internationals_Top_City_Destinations_Ranking |title=Euromonitor Internationals Top City Destinations Ranking > Euromonitor archive |publisher=Euromonitor.com |date=2008-12-12 |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref> According to a particular source, 56% of international visitors to Milan are from Europe, whilst 44% of the city's tourists are Italian, and 56% are from abroad.<ref name="slideshare1"/> The most important European Union markets are the [[United Kingdom]] (16%), [[Germany]] (9%) and [[France]] (6%).<ref name="slideshare1"/> According to the same study, most of the visitors who come from the [[United States|USA]] to the city go on business matters, whilst [[China|Chinese]] and [[Japan]]ese tourists mainly take up the [[leisure]] segment.<ref name="slideshare1"/> The average stay for a tourist in the city is of 3.43 nights, whilst foreigners stay for longer periods of time, 77% of which stay for a 2–5 night average. Of the 75% of visitors which stay in hotels, 4-star ones are the most popular (47%), whilst 5-stars, or less than 3-stars represent 11% and 15% of the charts respectively.<ref name="slideshare1"/> [[File:KHM Wien A 76, WA 823, A 1021 - Armor of Sigismondo Malatesta.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Armour of [[Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta|Sigismondo Malatesta]], ca. 1460-65.]] The city contains several cultural institutions, museums and galleries, some of which are highly important at an international level,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutmilan.com/museums-in-Milan.html |title=Museums in Milan |publisher=Aboutmilan.com |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref> such as the city's [[Milan Cathedral|Duomo]] and [[Piazza del Duomo, Milan|Piazza]], the [[Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie]] with [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s [[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|The Last Supper]], the [[San Siro|San Siro Stadium]], the [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]], the [[Castello Sforzesco]], the [[Pinacoteca di Brera]] and the [[Via Monte Napoleone]]. Most tourists visit sights such as [[Milan Cathedral]], the [[Castello Sforzesco]] and the [[La Scala|Teatro alla Scala]], however, other main sights such as the [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]], the [[Navigli]] and the [[Brera Academy|Brera Academy and district]] are less visited and prove to be less popular.<ref name="slideshare1"/>
The [[Pinacoteca di Brera]] is one of Milan's most important art galleries. It contains one of the foremost collections of Italian paintings, an outgrowth of the cultural program of the Brera Academy, which shares the site in the [[Brera Academy]]. It contains masterpieces such as the ''[[Brera Madonna]]'' by [[Piero della Francesca]].
The [[Castello Sforzesco]] hosts numerous art collections and exhibitions. The best known of the current civic museums is the Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco, with an art collection which includes [[Michelangelo]]'s last sculpture, the ''[[Rondanini Pietà]]'', [[Andrea Mantegna]]'s ''[[Trivulzio Madonna]]'' and [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Codex Trivulzianus]]'' manuscript. The Castello complex also includes The Museum of Ancient Art, The Furniture Museum, The Museum of Musical Instruments and the Applied Arts Collection, The Egyptian and Prehistoric sections of the Archaeological Museum and the Achille Bertarelli Print Collection.
[[File:Raffaello - Spozalizio - Web Gallery of Art.jpg|thumb|left|175px|''[[The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)|The Marriage of the Virgin]]'' by [[Raphael]].]]
Milan's figurative art flourished in the [[Middle Ages|Middle-Ages]], and with the [[Visconti]] family being major patrons of the arts, the city became an important centre of [[Gothic art]] and architecture ([[Milan Cathedral]] being the city's most formidable work of Gothic architecture).<ref name="aboutmilan.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutmilan.com/art-and-culture-of-milan.html |title=Art and Culture of Milan: from the past to the contemporary |publisher=Aboutmilan.com |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref> Also, rule of the [[House of Sforza|Sforza family]], between the 14th and 15th century, was another period in which art and architecture flourished. Milan became the seat of an elegant Renaissance court,<ref name="Castello Sforzesco">{{cite web|url=http://www.milanocastello.it/intro.html |title=Castello Sforzesco |publisher=Milanocastello.it |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> while great works, such as the [[Ospedale Maggiore]], the public hospital designed by [[Filarete]] were built, and artists of the calibre of [[Leonardo da Vinci]] came to work in Milan, leaving works of inestimable value, such as the fresco of the [[Last Supper]] and the [[Codex Atlanticus]]. [[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo's]] [[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|'' The Last Supper'']].]] [[Donato Bramante|Bramante]] also came to Milan to work on the construction of some of the most beautiful churches in the city; in [[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)|Santa Maria delle Grazie]] the beautiful luminous tribune is by Bramante, as is the church of [[Santa Maria presso San Satiro]].
The city was affected by the [[Baroque]] in the 17th and 18th centuries, and hosted numerous formidable artists, architects and painters of that period, such as [[Caravaggio]] and [[Francesco Hayez]], which several important works are hosted in [[Brera Academy]].<ref name="aboutmilan.com"/>
Milan in the 20th century was the epicenter of the [[Futurism|Futurist]] artistic movement. [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti|Filippo Marinetti]], the founder of Italian Futurism wrote in his 1909 "''[[Futurist Manifesto]]''" (in Italian, ''Manifesto Futuristico''), that Milan was "''grande...tradizionale e futurista''" ("''grand...traditional and futuristic''", in English). [[Umberto Boccioni]] was also an important Futurism artist who worked in the city.<ref name="aboutmilan.com"/> Today, Milan remains a major international hub of modern and contemporary art, with numerous modern exhibitions.<ref name="aboutmilan.com"/>
The [[Museo Poldi Pezzoli]] is another of the city's most important and prestigious museums. The museum was originated in the 19th century as the private collection of Gian Giacomo Poldi Pezzoli and his mother, Rosa Trivulzio, of the family of the condottiero [[Gian Giacomo Trivulzio]], and has a particularly broad collection of Northern Italian and (for Italy) Netherlandish/Flemish artists.
The [[Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)|Museum of the Risorgimento]] (''Museo del Risorgimento'') is a museum in Milan on the history of [[Italian unification]] from 1796 (Napoleon's first Italian campaign) and 1870 (Rome's annexation into the Kingdom of Italy) and on Milan's part in it (particularly the [[Five Days of Milan]]). It is housed in the 18th century Palazzo Moriggia. Its collections include [[Baldassare Verazzi]]'s ''Episode from the Five Days'' and [[Francesco Hayez]]'s 1840 ''[[:File:Francesco Hayez 047.jpg|Portrait]] of Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria]]''. La [[Triennale]] di Milano is a design museum and events venue located inside the Palace of Art building, part of Parco Sempione, the park grounds adjacent to [[Castello Sforzesco]]. It hosts exhibitions and events which highlight contemporary Italian design, urban planning, architecture, music, and media arts, emphasizing the relationship between art and industry.
===Fashion and design===
[[File:Milan Fashion Week 1.jpg|thumb|right|2010 [[Milan Fashion Week]] event.]]
Milan is regarded as one of the international capitals of industrial and modern [[design]], and one of the world's most influential cities in such fields.<ref name="wiley.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html |title=Design City Milan |publisher=Wiley |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref> The city is particularly well-known for its high-quality ancient and modern furniture and industrial goods. Milan hosts the [[FieraMilano]], Europe's biggest, and one of the world's most prestigious furniture and design fairs.<ref name="wiley.com"/> Milan also hosts major design and architecture-related events and venues, such as the "''Fuori Salone''" and the [[Salone del Mobile]]. In the 1950s and 60s as well as early 70's, being the main industrial centre of [[Italy]] and one of mainland Europe's most progressive and dynamic cities, Milan became, along with [[Turin]], Italy's capital of post-war design and architecture. Skyscrapers, such as the [[Pirelli Tower]] and the [[Torre Velasca]] were constructed, and artists such as [[Bruno Munari]], [[Lucio Fontana]], [[Enrico Castellani]] and [[Piero Manzoni]], to name a few, either lived or worked in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin |title=Frieze Magazine | Archive | Milan and Turin |publisher=Frieze.com |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref>
Milan is also regarded as one of the [[fashion capital]]s of the world, along with [[New York Fashion Week|New York City]], [[Paris Fashion Week|Paris]], and [[London Fashion Week|London]]. The [[Global Language Monitor]] declared that in 2009 Milan was the top economic and media global capital of fashion,<ref name="languagemonitor.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion |title=The Global Language Monitor " Fashion |publisher=Languagemonitor.com |date=2009-07-20 |accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref> despite the fact it fell down to sixth place in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=By: admin |url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion-capitals/new-york-regains-fashion-capital-crown-from-milan/ |title=The Global Language Monitor » Blog Archive » New York Regains Fashion Capital Crown from Milan |publisher=Languagemonitor.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-01}}</ref> Most of the major [[Italian fashion]] brands, such as [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]], [[Gucci]], [[Versace]], [[Prada]], [[Armani]] and [[Dolce & Gabbana]], are currently headquartered in the city. Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Milan, including an [[Abercrombie & Fitch]] flagship store which has become a main consumer attraction. Furthermore, the city hosts the [[Milan Fashion Week]] twice a year, just like other international centres such as Paris, London, Tokyo, and New York. Milan's main upscale fashion district is the ''[[quadrilatero della moda]]'' (literally, "fashion quadrilateral"), where the city's most prestigious shopping streets ([[Via Monte Napoleone]], [[Via della Spiga]], [[Via Sant'Andrea]], [[Via Manzoni]] and [[Corso Venezia]]) are held. The [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]], the [[Piazza del Duomo, Milan|Piazza del Duomo]], [[Via Dante]] and [[Corso Buenos Aires]] are other important shopping streets and squares. [[Mario Prada]], founder of [[Prada]] was born here, helping to cultivate its position as a world fashion capital.
===Cuisine===
[[File:Panettone aufgeschnitten freigestellt.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Panettone]]'', traditional Christmas cake.]]
Like most cities in Italy, Milan and its surrounding area has its own regional cuisine, which, as it is typical for Lombard cuisines, uses more frequently [[rice]] than [[pasta]], and features almost no [[tomato]]. Milanese cuisine includes "[[cotoletta|cotoletta alla milanese]]", a breaded veal (pork and turkey can be used) cutlet pan-fried in butter (which some claim to be of Austrian origin, as it is similar to Viennese "Wienerschnitzel", while others claim that the "Wienerschnitzel" derived from the "cotoletta alla milanese"). Other typical dishes are ''[[cassoeula]]'' (stewed pork rib chops and sausage with [[Cabbage|Savoy cabbage]]), [[ossobuco]] (stewed veal shank with a sauce called ''gremolata''), [[risotto|risotto alla milanese]] (with saffron and beef marrow), ''busecca'' (stewed tripe with beans), and ''brasato'' (stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes). Season-related pastries include ''chiacchiere'' (flat fritters dusted with sugar) and ''tortelli'' (fried spherical cookies) for [[Carnival]], ''colomba'' (glazed cake shaped as a dove) for [[Easter]], ''pane dei morti'' ("Deads' Day bread", cookies aromatized with cinnamon) for [[All Souls' Day|All Soul's Day]] and [[panettone]] for Christmas. The ''salame milano'', a [[salami]] with a very fine grain, is widespread throughout Italy. The best known Milanese cheese is [[gorgonzola (cheese)|gorgonzola]] from the namesake town nearby, although today the major gorgonzola producers operate in Piedmont.
On addition to a unique cuisine, Milan has several world-renowned [[restaurant]]s and [[café]]s. Most of the more refined and upper-class restaurants are found in the historic centre, whilst the more traditional and popular ones are mainly located in the Brera and [[Navigli]] districts. Today, there is also a [[Nobu Matsuhisa|Nobu]] Japanese restaurant in Milan, which is located in Armani World in [[Via Manzoni]] and is regarded as being one of the trendiest restaurants in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/city/82/restaurant/Europe/Milan.html |title=Milan Restaurants |publisher=Worldtravelguide.net |accessdate=2010-01-22}}</ref> One of the city's chicest cafés or ''pasticcerie'' is the [[Caffè Cova]], an ancient Milanese coffeehouse founded in 1817 near the Teatro alla Scala, which has also opened franchises in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasticceriacova.com/storia/history.html |title=Cova Pasticceria Confetteria – dal 1817 |publisher=Pasticceriacova.com |accessdate=2010-01-22}}</ref> The Biffi Caffè and the Zucca in Galleria are also famous and historical ‘Caffès’ which are situated in Milan. Other restaurants in Milan include the Hotel Four Seasons restaurant, ‘La Briciola’, the Marino alla Scala and the Chandelier. Today, there is also a [[McDonald's]] [[fast food|fast-food]] restaurant in the [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]], and some new boutique-cafés, such as the Just Cavalli Café, owned by the luxury fashion goods brand [[Roberto Cavalli]].
===Language and literature===
{{Main|Milanese literature}}
[[File:7004 - Milano - Monumento al Manzoni in p.zza San Fedele - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 8-Mar-2007.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Monument to [[Alessandro Manzoni]] in Milan.]]
In the late 18th century, and throughout the 19th, Milan was an important centre for intellectual discussion and literary creativity. The [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] found here a fertile ground. [[Cesare Beccaria|Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria]], with his famous ''[[Dei delitti e delle pene]]'', and Count [[Pietro Verri]], with the periodical ''Il Caffè'' were able to exert a considerable influence over the new [[middle class|middle-class]] culture, thanks also to an open-minded Austrian administration. In the first years of the 19th century, the ideals of the [[Romanticism|Romantic movement]] made their impact on the cultural life of the city and its major writers debated the primacy of Classical versus [[Romantic poetry]]. Here, too, [[Giuseppe Parini]], and [[Ugo Foscolo]] published their most important works, and were admired by younger poets as masters of ethics, as well as of literary craftsmanship. Foscolo's poem ''[[Dei sepolcri]]'' was inspired by a Napoleonic law which—against the will of many of its inhabitants—was being extended to the city. n the third decade of the 19th century, [[Alessandro Manzoni]] wrote his novel ''[[The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)|I Promessi Sposi]]'', considered the manifesto of Italian Romanticism, which found in Milan its centre, and [[Carlo Porta]] wrote his poems in [[Western Lombard Language]]. The periodical ''[[Il Conciliatore]]'' published articles by [[Silvio Pellico]], [[Giovanni Berchet]], [[Ludovico di Breme]], who were both Romantic in poetry and patriotic in politics. After the [[Italian unification|Unification of Italy]] in 1861, Milan lost its political importance; nevertheless it retained a sort of central position in cultural debates. New ideas and movements from other countries of Europe were accepted and discussed: thus [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] and [[Naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]] gave birth to an Italian movement, ''[[Verismo]]''. The greatest ''verista'' novelist, [[Giovanni Verga]], was born in Sicily but wrote his most important books in Milan.
In addition to [[Italian language|Italian]], approximately a third of the population of western Lombardy{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} can speak the [[Western dialects of Lombard language|Western Lombard language]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}, also known as Insubric{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}. In Milan, some people (mostly elder ones) of the city (natives but also, less often, immigrants) can speak the traditional [[Milanese]] language —that is to say the urban variety of Western Lombard, which is not to be confused with the Milanese-influenced regional variety of the Italian language.
===Religion===
[[File:Milanoambrogio0002.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio|St. Ambrose Basilica]], one of the city's most important and oldest churches.]]
Milan's population, like that of Italy as a whole, is mostly [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]. It is the seat of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]]. Other religions practised include: [[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox Churches]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.google.it/maps?hl=it&um=1&ie=UTF-8&q=chiesa+ortodossa+milano&fb=1&view=text&sa=X&oi=local_group&resnum=1&ct=more-results&cd=1 |title=chiesa ortodossa milano – Google Maps |publisher=Maps.google.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> [[Buddhism]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lankaramaya.com/ |title=Lankarama Buddhist Temple – Milan,Italy |publisher=Lankaramaya.com |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> [[Judaism]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mosaico-cem.it/ |title=Jewish Community of Milan |publisher=Mosaico-cem.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> [[Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/8/4.aspx |title=Islam in Italy " Inter-Religious Dialogue " OrthodoxEurope.org |publisher=OrthodoxEurope.org<! |date=2002-12-04 |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=7230 |title=Milan: The Center for Radical Islam in Europe |publisher=American Chronicle |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> and [[Protestantism]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Cini |url=http://www.protestantiamilano.it/ |title=Centro Culturale Protestante – Protestanti a Milano delle Chiese Battiste Metodiste Valdesi |language={{It icon}} |publisher=Protestantiamilano.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milanovaldese.it/ |title=Chiesa Evangelica Valdese – Milano |publisher=Milanovaldese.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> Milan has its own historic Catholic rite known as the [[Ambrosian Rite]] (Italian: ''Rito ambrosiano''). It varies slightly from the typical Catholic rite (the ''Roman'', used in all other western regions), with some differences in the [[liturgy]] and mass celebrations, in the Canons ar Easter and Lent, in the colour of liturgical vestments, peculiar use of incense, marriage form, office for the dead, baptism by immersion, and in the calendar (for example, the date for the beginning of [[lent]] is celebrated some days after the common date, so the carnival has different date). The season of Advent is of six weeks duration and starts on the Sunday after the feast of Saint Martin (11 November). The Ambrosian rite is also practised in other surrounding locations in Lombardy, parts of Piedmont and in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] canton of [[Ticino]]. The sounding of church bells uses a peculiar technique. Another important difference concerns the [[liturgical music]]. The [[Gregorian chant]] was completely unused in Milan and surrounding areas, because the official one was its own [[Ambrosian chant]], definitively established by the [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) and earlier than the Gregorian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01389a.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Ambrosian Chant |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1907-03-01 |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> To preserve this music there has developed the unique ''schola cantorum'', a college, and an Institute called PIAMS (Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music), in partnership with the [[Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music]] (PIMS) in Rome.<ref>{{cite web|author=Emanuele Vecchio |url=http://www.unipiams.org/en/1 |title=PIAMS :: Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music |publisher=Unipiams.org |accessdate=2010-06-14}}</ref>
===Sports===
[[File:S.Siro esterno.jpg|thumb|left|[[San Siro]] Stadium.]]
[[Association football|Football]] (soccer) is the most popular [[sport in Italy]], and Milan is home to two world-famous football teams: [[A.C. Milan]] and [[F.C. Internazionale Milano]]. The former is normally referred to as "Mìlan" (notice the stress on the first syllable, unlike the English and Milanese name of the city), the latter as "Inter". A match between these two teams is known as the Milan derby or the [[Derby della Madonnina]] (in honour of one of the main sights of the city, a statue of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|the Virgin Mary]] "[[Madonnina (statue)|Madonnina]]" on top of the [[Milan Cathedral|Duomo di Milano]]). Milan is the only city in Europe who hosts two [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup/Champions League]] winning teams (A.C. Milan and Internazionale), and both teams have also won the Intercontinental Cup (now [[FIFA Club World Cup]]). With a combined ten Champions League titles, Milan has won more European Cups than any other city. Both teams play at the UEFA 5-star rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, more commonly known as the [[San Siro]], that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe, with a seating capacity of over 80,000.<ref name="size">{{cite web |url=http://www.sansiro.net/struttura.asp |title=Struttura |publisher=SanSiro.net |accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref>
The world famous [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|Monza]] [[Formula One]] circuit is located near the city, inside a wide park. It is one of the world's oldest [[Auto racing|car racing]] circuits. The capacity for the [[Formula One|F1]] races is currently around 137,000 spectators, although in the 1950s the stands could hold more than 250,000. It has hosted an F1 race nearly every year since the first year of competition, with the exception of 1980.
Milan is home to the Italy's most successful [[basketball]] team [[Olimpia Milano]]. They have won 25 [[Lega A|Italian Championships]] as well as 3 [[Euroleague|European Champions Cups]]. They play at the [[Mediolanum Forum]] which houses 12,000 spectators.
The city hosted, among other sport events, the [[FIFA World Cup]] in 1934 and 1990, the [[UEFA European Football Championship]] in 1980; most recently the [[2003 World Rowing Championships]], the [[2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships|2009 World Boxing Championships]] and some games of the [[Volleyball World Championship|FIVB World Championship]] in [[2010 FIVB Men's World Championship|2010]].
==Education==
Milan's [[higher education]] system comprises 39 university centres (44 faculties, 174,000 new students a year, equal to 10% of the entire Italian university population),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDMHome|Milan |title=official website |publisher=Comune.milano.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> and has the largest number of university graduates and postgraduate students (34,000 and more than 5,000, respectively) in Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esfr.org/media/esfr-congress-milano-2010.pdf |title=European Society pieg.qxp |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-07-08}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
[[File:polimi.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Politecnico di Milano]] main building.]]
Founded on November 29, 1863, the [[Politecnico di Milano]] is the oldest university in Milan. Its most eminent professors over the years have included the mathematician [[Francesco Brioschi]] (its first Director), [[Luigi Cremona]], and [[Giulio Natta]] (Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963). The Politecnico di Milano is nowadays organised in 16 departments and a network of 9 Schools of Engineering, Architecture and [[Industrial design|Industrial Design]] spread over 7 campuses over the [[Lombardy]] region with a central administration and management. The 9 schools are devoted to education whereas the 16 departments are devoted to research. The number of students enrolled in all campuses is approximately 40,000, which makes Politecnico di Milano the largest technical university in Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polimi.it/english/about_the_university/?id_nav=-2 |title=Politecnico di Milano – POLInternational English – About the University |publisher=Polimi.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
[[File:IMG 5741 - Milano - Ca' Granda - Facciata - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 21-Feb-2007.jpg|thumb|right|The central building of [[University of Milan]], built in the Renaissance as the city hospital: the [[Ospedale Maggiore]].]]
The [[University of Milan]] was founded on September 30, 1923 and it's a public teaching and research university, which – with 9 faculties, 58 departments, 48 institutes and a teaching staff of 2,500 professors. A leading institute in Italy and Europe for scientific productivity, the University of Milan is the largest university in the region, with approximately 65,000 enrolled students; it is also an important resource for the [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] context of which it is a part.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unimi.it/ENG/ |title=The University of Milan – Welcome |publisher=Unimi.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref>
The [[University of Milan Bicocca]] was instituted on June 10, 1998 to serve students from [[Northern Italy]] and take some pressure off the historical University of Milan which was getting over-crowded. It is set on an area, called Bicocca, in the northern part of Milan which was the kernel of its past industrial activity with a lot of the largest Italian factories in steel processing, chemical manufacturing, and electro-mechanics. In the faculty of science non-traditional degrees, from B.Sc. to Ph.D., in [[materials science]], biotechnology and [[environmental science]] are coupled to the conventional ones in physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, computation and [[earth science]]. At the present the whole University hosts more than 30,000 students.<ref>{{cite web|author=PCAM |url=http://www.pcam-network.eu/milanobicocca.htm |title=PCAM – University of Milano-Bicocca |publisher=Pcam-network.eu |accessdate=2009-03-13}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
The [[Bocconi University|Luigi Bocconi Commercial University]], established in 1902, has been ranked among the top 20 best [[business school]]s in the world by [[The Wall Street Journal]] [[List of international rankings|international rankings]], especially thanks to its [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]] program, which in 2007 placed it no. 17 in the world in terms of graduate recruitment preference by major [[multinational corporation|multinational companies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mba.sdabocconi.it/home/main.php?id=12001&ym=2007-09 |title=Conferenze, ospiti, news ed eventi legati agli MBA della SDA Bocconi | MBA SDA Bocconi |publisher=Mba.sdabocconi.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref>
[[Forbes]] has ranked Bocconi no.1 worldwide in the specific category Value for Money.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oie.gatech.edu/sa/programs/show.html?id=bocc |title=Gatech :: OIE :: GT Study Abroad Programs |publisher=Oie.gatech.edu |date=2006-04-07 |accessdate=2009-03-13 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080508020611/http://www.oie.gatech.edu/sa/programs/show.html?id=bocc |archivedate = May 8, 2008}}</ref> In May 2008, Bocconi overtook several traditionally top global business schools in the [[Financial Times]] [[Executive Education|Executive education]] ranking, reaching no. 5 in Europe and no. 15 in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/vivimilano/cronache/articoli/2008/05_Maggio/12/sda_bocconi.shtml |title=Sda Bocconi supera London Business School – ViviMilano |publisher=Corriere.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref>
[[File:HDR - Chiostro Università Cattolica.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore|Catholic University of the Sacred Heart]] courtyard.]]
The [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore|Catholic University of the Sacred Heart]], founded in 1921 by [[Agostino Gemelli|Father Agostino Gemelli]], is currently the biggest [[Catholic university]] in the world with almost 42,000 enrolled students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicatt.it/inaugurazione/2003/pdf/D1Rettore.pdf |title=Autore |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-07-08}}</ref>
The [[IULM University of Milan|University of Languages and Communication of Milan]], founded in 1968, is specialized in consumer and services research, [[business communication]] and ICT, tourism, fashion, [[cultural heritage]] and its exploitation, foreign languages for business, economics, marketing and distribution. The two campuses of Milan and [[Feltre]] have almost 10,000 enrolled students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crui.it/marcopolo/eng/Libera%20Universit%C3%A0%20di%20Lingue%20e%20Comunicazione%20IULM_eng.htm |title=Libera Università di Lingue e Comunicazione IULM |publisher=Crui.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref>
The [[Vita-Salute San Raffaele University|Saint Raphael University]] was fundamentally born as an off-spring of the research hospital structure [[San Raffaele Hospital|St. Raphael Hospital]], where students attend [[research|basic research]] laboratories in many research fields, including neurology, neurosurgery, diabetology, [[molecular biology]], AIDS studies among others. It has expanded since then to include research fields in [[cognitive science]] and philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unisr.it/view.asp?id=2395 |title=Vita-Salute San Raffaele University – Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele |publisher=Unisr.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref>
The [[Tethys Research Institute]], established in 1996, is a private [[non-profit organization]] specialised in cetacean research. Tethys has generated one of the largest datasets on Mediterranean cetaceans and over 300 scientific contributions. Tethys owns photographic archives exceeding 200,000 cetacean images, that have resulted in the identification of over 1,300 individuals of seven Mediterranean species. This expertise has granted to Tethys a role as regional coordinator in the former EC-funded project “Europhlukes”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tethys.org/index_e.htm |title=Tethys Research Institute |publisher=Tethys.org |accessdate=2009-03-13 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080609110922/http://www.tethys.org/index_e.htm |archivedate = June 9, 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Milano Pinacoteca di Brera1.JPG|thumb|right|The internal court of [[Brera Academy]].]]
The [[Brera Academy|Academy of Fine Arts of Brera]], regarded as one of the world’s leading academic institutions, is a public [[academic institution]] dedicated to teach and research within the creative art, (painting, sculpting, graphics, photo, video etc.) and cultural historical disciplines. It is the academic institution with the highest rate of internationalization in Italy with about 3,500 students including over 850 foreigners from 49 nations. In 2005 the teaching of the academy has been classified by [[UNESCO]] as "A5".
The [[Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano|New Academy of Fine Arts of Milan]], founded in 1980, is a private academy that offers Bachelor and Master of Arts Degree Programs, Academic Master Programs, Diploma Program and Semester Abroad Programs held in English that are accredited by the US [[University system|University System]] in the fields of Visual Arts, [[Graphic design|Graphic Design]], Design, Fashion, Media Design and Theatre Design. Over 1,000 students coming from all over Italy and 40 different countries are currently studying at the academy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naba.it/ |title=NABA Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano |publisher=Naba.it |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref>
The [[Istituto Europeo di Design|European Institute of Design]] is a [[private university]] specialized in fashion, industrial and [[interior design]], audio/visual design including photography, advertising and marketing and business communication. The school was founded in 1966 today enrolls over 8,000 students.
The [[Istituto Marangoni|Marangoni Institute]] is a fashion institute with campuses in Milan, [[London]], and [[Paris]]. Founded in 1935, it prepares highly skilled professionals for the fashion and design industries.
The [[Domus Academy]] (DA) is a private postgraduate institution that offers a series of professional masters degrees in various design-oriented or design-based fields such as industrial design, fashion management, urban management and architecture, business design, interaction design, etc. Founded in 1982 by such Milanese design luminaries such as Gianfranco Ferre and Andrea Branzi, DA now attracts students from all over the world interested in the interplay amongst research, design, and management.
The [[Milan Conservatory]] is a [[college or university school of music|college of music]] which was established by a [[decree|royal decree]] of 1807, when the city was the capital of the Napoleonic [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]]. It opened the following year with premisses in the cloisters of the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] church of [[Santa Maria della Passione]]. There were initially 18 boarders, including students of both sexes. With more than 1,700 students, over 240 teachers and 20 majors, it is Italy's largest university of music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consmilano.it/erasmusEST.htm |title=Conservatorio di musica "G.Verdi" di Milano |publisher=Consmilano.it |accessdate=2009-03-13 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080614182256/http://www.consmilano.it/erasmusEST.htm |archivedate = June 14, 2008}}</ref>
==Transportation==
{{Main|Transport in Milan}}
[[File:Milano-stazione101.jpg|thumb|right|[[Milano Centrale railway station|Milano Centrale]] railway station: the massive main entrance.]]
Milan is one of Italy's Railway hubs, five major stations of Milan, amongst which the [[Milano Centrale railway station|Milan Central station]], are among Italy's busiest. The first railroad built in Milan, the [[Milan–Monza railway|Milan and Monza Rail Road]] was opened for service on August 17, 1840.
Since December 16, 2009 two [[High-speed rail|High speed train]] lines with trains running over 300 kmh (186 mph) link Milan to [[Milan–Bologna high-speed railway|Bologna]], [[Florence]], [[Rome]], [[Naples]] and [[Salerno]] in one direction, and to [[Turin–Milan high-speed railway|Turin]] in another. High Speed Rail connects Milan to Turin in 45m, Bologna in 1h, Florence in 1h 40m, Rome in 2h 55m, Naples in 4h and Salerno in 4h 25m.
The [[Azienda Trasporti Milanesi]] (ATM) operates within the metropolitan area, managing a [[public transport]] network consisting of three metropolitan railway lines and tram, [[trolleybus|trolley-bus]] and [[bus|bus lines]]. The ATM tramway fleet includes several Peter Witt cars, originally built in 1928 and still working. Overall the network covers nearly 1,400 km reaching 86 municipalities. Besides public transport, ATM manages the interchange [[parking lot]]s and the on-street parking spaces in the historical centre and in the commercial zones using the SostaMilano parking card system.
[[Milan Metro]] is the [[Rapid transit]] system serving the city with 3 lines and a total length of more than 80 km. One more line is under construction.
[[File:Milano Subway map.svg|thumb|left|Map of the Milan Metro Network]]
The [[Regional rail|Suburban Railway]] Service Lines, composed of ten suburban lines connects the Milan agglomeration to the metropolitan area. More lines will be opening in late 2011.
The Regional, Intercity, Eurostarcity and Eurocity Railway Services, link Milan with the rest of Lombardy, Italy's [[National Railway|national railway]] system and [[Europe]].
The city tram network consists of approximately {{convert|160|km}} of track and 17 lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.nycsubway.org/eu/it/milan.html |title=world.nycsubway.org/Europe/Italy/Milan (Urban Trams) |publisher=World.nycsubway.org |date=2003-12-08 |accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> Bus lines cover over 1,070 km.
Milan has a [[taxicab|taxi]] service operated by private companies and licensed by the City of Milan (''Comune di Milano''). All taxis are the same color, white. Prices are based on a set fare at the beginning and an additional fare based on time elapsed and distance traveled. The number of licences is kept low by lobbying of present taxi drivers.
The city of Milan is served by three [[international airport]]s. The [[Malpensa Airport|Malpensa International Airport]], the second biggest airport in Italy, is about 45 km from central Milan and connected to downtown Cadorna FN Railway Station and Milan's Centrale FS Main Railway Station with the "''Malpensa Express''" railway service running every 15 minutes and with the Suburban S10 Line. Malpensa Airport handled 18,947,808 passengers in 2010. The [[Linate Airport]], which is near the city limits, connected to downtown with the Bus Express Line X73 and Bus Line 73 and to Centrale FS Main Railway Station with ATM Shuttle Bus Services, is mainly used for domestic and short-haul international flights, with over 9 million passengers in 2010. The airport of [[Orio al Serio Airport|Orio al Serio]], near to the city of [[Bergamo]], serves the low-cost traffic of Milan, with 7,160,008 passengers in 2009. It is connected with Shuttle Bus Services from Milan's Main Central Station.
==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
===Twin towns—Sister cities===
Milan is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=Milano – Città Gemellate|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{Flagicon|PER}} [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]]
*{{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]
*{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Birmingham]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="Birmingham">{{cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/twins |title=Partner Cities |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]
*{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]], [[Colombia]]
*{{Flagicon|SEN}} [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], since 1974<ref name="Milan"/>
*{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]], [[Germany]], since 1969<ref name="Milan"/><ref name="Frankfurt">{{cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645|title=Frankfurt -Partner Cities|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 [http://www.frankfurt.de/ Stadt Frankfurt am Main]|accessdate=2008-12-05}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]]
*{{Flagicon|Palestinian Authority}} [[Bethlehem]], [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]], since 2000<ref name="Milan"/><ref name="BethlehemTwinning">{{cite web |url=http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |title=::Bethlehem Municipality:: |publisher=www.bethlehem-city.org |accessdate=2009-10-10}}</ref><ref name="PalestineTwinning">{{cite web|url = http://www.twinningwithpalestine.net/groupsinternational.html|title=Twinning with Palestine|accessdate=2008-11-29|publisher= [[copyright|©]] 1998–2008 The Britain – Palestine Twinning Network}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bethlehem-city.org/English/Twinning/index.php The City of Bethlehem has signed a twinning agreements with the following cities]{{dead link|date=April 2011}} Bethlehem Municipality.</ref>
*{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Kraków]], [[Poland]], since 2003<ref name="Kraków">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=www.krakow.pl|accessdate=2009-07-19}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Lyon]], [[France]], since 1967<ref name="Milan"/><ref name="Partner">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon |publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Mairie de Lyon|accessdate=2008-11-29}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], since 2004<ref name="Milan"/><ref name="Melbourne">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&pg=2979|title=City of Melbourne — International relations — Sister cities|publisher=City of Melbourne|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>
||
*{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], [[Japan]], since 1981<ref name="Milan"/>
*{{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Tecomán]], [[México]]
*{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], since 1961<ref name="Milan"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2008-10-23}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], since 1961<ref name="Milan"/><ref name="São Paulo">{{cite web |url=http://www.netlegis.com.br/indexRJ.jsp?arquivo=/detalhesNoticia.jsp&cod=41796 |title=São Paulo – Sister Cities Program |publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2005–2008 Fiscolegis – Todos os direitos reservados Editora de publicações periodicas – LTDA / [[copyright|©]] 2008 City of São Paulo |accessdate = 2008-12-09}}</ref><ref name="São Paulo">[http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 Prefeitura.Sp – Descentralized Cooperation]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">{{cite web|url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 |title=International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities |publisher=Prefeitura.sp.gov.br |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Maceió]], [[Brazil]]
*{{Flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], since 1979<ref name="Milan"/>
*{{Flagicon|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]], since 1997<ref name="Milan"/><ref name="Tel Aviv">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080320073540/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |archivedate=2008-03-20 |title=Tel Aviv sister cities |accessdate=2009-07-14 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |language=Hebrew}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], [[Canada]], since 2003<ref name="Milan"/>
*{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], [[United States]], since 1962<ref name="Milan"/>
*{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Izmir]], [[Turkey]]
*{{Flagicon|CYP}} [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]]
*{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Daegu]] in [[South Korea]], since 1998
|}
===Other forms of cooperation, partnership and city friendship===
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{Flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]]
*{{Flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
*{{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brazil]]
*{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
||
*{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Medellín]], [[Colombia]]
*{{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]]
*{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], [[Canada]]
*{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]
|}
{{Portal|Milan}}
==References==
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*Acts of [[international law|international convention]] "Milan Capital"), Convegno archeologico internazionale Milano capitale dell'impero romano 1990; Milano Altri autori: Sena Chiesa, Gemma Arslan, Ermanno A.
*Agostino a Milano: ''il battesimo'' – Agostino nelle terre di Ambrogio: 22–24 aprile 1987 / (relazioni di) Marta Sordi (et al.) Augustinus publ.
*Anselmo, Conte di Rosate: istoria milanese al tempo del [[Barbarosa|Barbarossa]] / Pietro Beneventi, Europia publ.
*[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|The decline and fall of the Roman Empire]] ([[Edward Gibbon]])
*The later [[Roman Empire|Roman empire]] (Jones), Blackwell and Mott, [[Oxford]]
*Milano romana / Mario Mirabella Roberti (Rusconi publisher) 1984
*Marchesi, i percorsi della Storia Minerva Italica (It)
*Milano tra l'eta repubblicana e l'eta augustea: atti del Convegno di studi, 26–27 marzo 1999, Milano
*Milano capitale dell'impero romano: 286–402 d.c.–(Milano) : Silvana, (1990).–533 p.: ill. ; 28 cm.
*Milano capitale dell'Impero romano: 286–402 d.c. – album storico archeologico.–Milano: Cariplo: ET, 1991.–111 p.: ill; 47 cm. (Pubbl. in occasione della Mostra tenuta a Milano nel) 1990.
*{{cite book|last=Torri|first=Monica|title=Milan & The Lakes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=i0hKAAAACAAJ|accessdate=10 March 2010|date=23 January 2007|publisher=DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley)|isbn=9780756624439}}
*{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Evelyn S|title=Art and authority in Renaissance Milan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LQV4UPrNnPQC|accessdate=10 March 2010|year=1995|publisher=[[Yale University Press]], New Haven, Connecticut|isbn=9780300063516}}
{{Refend}}
===Notes===
*{{Wikitravel}}
*[http://www.gariwo.net/eng_new/foreste/milano.php The Milan Garden of the Righteous]
{{Districts of Milan}}
{{Regional capitals of Italy}}
{{Province of Milan}}
[[Category:Milan| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]]
[[Санат:Италия қалалары]]
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