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Америкалық ұлттық стандарттау институты: Нұсқалар арасындағы айырмашылық

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Жаңа бетте: {{мекеме |name = American National Standards Institute |bgcolor = <!-- header background color --> |fgcolor = <!-- header text co...
 
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{{компания
{{мекеме
|name = AmericanАмерикандық NationalҰлттық StandardsСтандарттау InstituteИнституты
|bgcolor = <!-- header background color -->
|fgcolor = <!-- header text color -->
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|status = <!--(ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc)-->
|purpose = [[National standards]]
|headquarters = [[Washington, DCВашингтон]]
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Штаб-пәтері [[Вашингтон]] қаласында орналасқан. ANSI's operationsоперациялық office is located inорталығы [[New York CityНью-Йорк]]. The ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standardsқаласында programsорналасқан.
 
== Тарихы ==
ANSIАлғаш wasрет originally1918 formedжылы in 1918құрылып, when five engineering societies and threeбес governmentинженерлік agenciesқоғамдардың foundedбірігуі theнәтижесінде '''American Engineering Standards Committee''' ('''AESC''') құрылды. In1928 1928жылы, the AESC became the '''AmericanАмерикандық StandardsСтандарттар AssociationАссоцияциясы''' ('''ASA''') атанады. In 1966-жылы, the ASA was reorganized andөзін-өзі becameөзгерту theнәтижесінде '''UnitedАмерикандық StatesҰлттық ofСтандарттау America Standards InstituteИнституты''' ('''USASI'''). Theатанды, presentбұл nameат was1969-жылы adoptedтолығымен in 1969қабылданды.
 
1918-жылға дейін бұл бес инженерлік қоғамдардың мүшелері:
Prior to 1918, these five founding engineering societies:
*[[Электротехника және Электроника Инженерлер Институты]] (AIEE, қазір [[ЭЭИИ]])
*[[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]] (AIEE, now [[IEEE]])
*[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME)
*[[American Society of Civil Engineers]] (ASCE)
*American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME, now [[American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers]])
*American Society for Testing and Materials (now [[ASTM International]])
had been members of the United Engineering Society (UES).
At the behest of the AIEE, they invited the U.S. government Departments of War, Navy (combined in 1947 to become the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] or DOD) and Commerce<ref>[http://www.ansi.org/about_ansi/introduction/history.aspx?menuid=1 ANSI history]- Retrieved 2011-09-27</ref> to join in founding a national standards organization.
 
According to Paul G. Agnew, the first permanent secretary and head of staff in 1919, AESC started as an ambitious program and little else. Staff for the first year consisted of one executive, Clifford B. LePage, who was on loan from a founding member, ASME. An annual budget of $7,500 was provided by the founding bodies.
 
In 1931, the organization (renamed ASA in 1928) became affiliated with the U.S. National Committee of the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] ([[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]]), which had been formed in 1904 to develop electrical and electronics standards.<ref>http://www.iec.ch/</ref>
 
==Members==
ANSI's membership comprises government agencies, organizations, corporations, academic and international bodies, and individuals. In total, the Institute represents the interests of more than 125,000 companies and 3.5 million professionals.<ref name="membership">ANSI membership page, [http://www.ansi.org/membership/overview/overview.aspx?menuid=2www.ansi.org/membership www.ansi.org/membership]</ref>
 
==Process==
Though ANSI itself does not develop standards, the Institute oversees the development and use of standards by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations. ANSI accreditation signifies that the procedures used by standards developing organizations meet the Institute's requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.
 
ANSI also designates specific standards as American National Standards, or ANS, when the Institute determines that the standards were developed in an environment that is equitable, accessible and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders.<ref>[http://publicaa.ansi.org/sites/apdl/Documents/News%20and%20Publications/Brochures/Value%20of%20the%20ANS.pdf ''Value of the ANS Designation'' brochure]</ref>
 
Voluntary consensus standards quicken the market acceptance of products while making clear how to improve the safety of those products for the protection of consumers. There are approximately 9,500 American National Standards that carry the ANSI designation.
 
The American National Standards process involves:
*consensus by a group that is open to representatives from all interested parties
*broad-based public review and comment on draft standards
*consideration of and response to comments
*incorporation of submitted changes that meet the same consensus requirements into a draft standard
*availability of an appeal by any participant alleging that these principles were not respected during the standards-development process.
 
==International activities==
In addition to facilitating the formation of standards in the U.S., ANSI promotes the use of U.S. standards internationally, advocates U.S. policy and technical positions in international and regional standards organizations, and encourages the adoption of international standards as national standards where appropriate.
 
The Institute is the official U.S. representative to the two major international standards organizations, the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO), as a founding member,<ref>[http://www.ansi.org/about_ansi/introduction/introduction.aspx ISO founding member]- Retrieved 2011-09-27</ref> and the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC), via the U.S. National Committee (USNC). ANSI participates in almost the entire technical program of both the ISO and the IEC, and administers many key committees and subgroups. In many instances, U.S. standards are taken forward to ISO and IEC, through ANSI or the USNC, where they are adopted in whole or in part as international standards.
 
===Standards panels===
The Institute administers five standards panels:
*The ANSI Biofuels Standards Panel (ANSI-BSP)
*The [[Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel]]
*The ANSI Homeland Security Standards Panel
*The ANSI Nanotechnology Standards Panel
*The Identity Theft Prevention and Identity Management Standards Panel
 
Each of the panels works to identify, coordinate, and harmonize voluntary standards relevant to these areas.
 
In 2009, ANSI and the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) formed the Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative (NESCC). NESCC is a joint initiative to identify and respond to the current need for standards in the nuclear industry.
 
===American national standards===
*The [[film speed#ASA|ASA]] (as for American Standards Association) photographic exposure system, originally defined in ASA Z38.2.1 (since 1943) and ASA PH2.5 (since 1954), together with the [[film speed#DIN|DIN]] system (DIN 4512 since 1934), became the basis for the [[film speed#ISO|ISO]] system (since 1974), currently used worldwide ([[ISO 6]], [[ISO 2240]], [[ISO 5800]], [[ISO 12232]]).
*A standard for the set of values used to represent characters in digital computers. The ANSI code standard extended the previously created [[ASCII]] seven bit code standard (ASA X3.4-1963), with additional codes for European alphabets (see also [[Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code]] or EBCDIC). In [[Microsoft Windows]], the phrase "ANSI" refers to the [[Windows code page|Windows ANSI code page]]s (even though they are not ANSI standards).<ref name=""ms" glossary">[http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/glossary.mspx Microsoft Glossary]</ref> Most of these are fixed width, though some characters for [[ideographic language]]s are variable width. Since these characters are based on a draft of the [[ISO-8859]] series, some of Microsoft's symbols are visually very similar to the ISO symbols, leading many to falsely assume that they are identical.
*The first computer [[programming language]] standard was "American Standard [[Fortran]]" (informally known as "FORTRAN 66"), approved in March 1966 and published as ASA X3.9-1966.
*The original standard implementation of the programming language [[C (computer language)|C]] was standardized as ANSI X3.159-1989, becoming the well-known [[ANSI C]].
*The ANSI-NSF International standards used for commercial kitchens, such as restaurants, cafeterias, delis, etc.
*The ANSI/APSP (Association of Pool & Spa Professionals) standards used for pools, spas, hot tubs, barriers, and suction entrapment avoidance.
*The ANSI/HI ([[Hydraulic Institute]]) standards used for pumps.
*The ANSI for [[eye protection]] is Z87.1, which gives a specific impact resistance rating to the eyewear. This standard is commonly used for shop glasses, shooting glasses, and many other examples of protective eyewear.
*The [[Paper size#ANSI paper sizes|ANSI paper sizes]] (ANSI/ASME Y14.1).
 
===Other initiatives===
*In 2008 ANSI, in partnership<ref>http://www.citationtechnologies.com/alliances/ansi</ref> with [[Citation Technologies]], created the first dynamic, online web library for [[ISO 14000]] standards.<ref name=iPackages>[http://ansi.org/news_publications/news_story.aspx?menuid=7&articleid=1892 ANSI ISO 14000 Press Release]</ref>
*On June 23, 2009 ANSI announced a product and services agreement with [[Citation Technologies]] to deliver all ISO Standards on a web-based platform. Through the ANSI-Citation partnership, 17,765 International Standards developed by more than 3,000 ISO technical bodies will be made available on the citation platform, arming subscribers with powerful search tools and collaboration, notification, and change-management functionality.<ref name="ANSI Press Release 07.23.09">[http://www.ansi.org/news_publications/news_story.aspx?menuid=7&articleid=2261 ANSI Press Release 07.23.09]</ref>
*ANSI, in partnership with [[Citation Technologies]], [[AAMI]], [[ASTM]], and [[DIN]], created a single, centralized database for medical device standards on September 9, 2009.<ref name="Medical Device Standards Press Release 09/09/09">[http://astmnewsroom.org/default.aspx?pageid=1881 Medical Device Standards Database Press Release 09/09/09]</ref>
*In early 2009, ANSI launched a new Certificate Accreditation Program (ANSI-CAP) to provide neutral, third-party attestation that a given certificate program meets the American National Standard ASTM E2659-09.
*In 2009, ANSI began accepting applications for certification bodies seeking accreditation according to requirements defined under the Toy Safety Certification Program (TSCP) as the official third-party accreditor of TSCP’s product certification bodies.
*In 2006, ANSI launched [http://www.standardsportal.org/ www.StandardsPortal.org], an online resource for facilitating more open and efficient trade between international markets in the areas of standards, conformity assessment, and technical regulations. The site currently features content for China, India, and Korea, with additional countries and regions planned for future content.
 
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