Фотовольтаика: Нұсқалар арасындағы айырмашылық

Content deleted Content added
Жаңа бетте: thumb|[[Nellis Solar Power Plant at Nellis Air Force Base in the USA. These panels track the sun in one axis.]] [[File:Ombrière SUDI - ...
 
Өңдеу түйіні жоқ
3-жол:
[[File:ROSSA.jpg|thumb|Solar panels on the [[International Space Station]]]]
 
'''Фотовольтаика''' ([[ағылшын тілі|ағылшын]]: '''Photovoltaics''' немесе '''PV''') арзан [[электр]] энергиясын өндірудің бір жолы.
'''Фотовольтаика''' ([[ағылшын тілі|ағылшын]]: '''Photovoltaics''' немесе '''PV''') is a method of [[Electricity generation|generating electrical power]] by converting [[solar radiation]] into [[direct current]] [[electricity]] using [[semiconductor]]s that exhibit the [[photovoltaic effect]]. Photovoltaic power generation employs [[solar panel]]s composed of a number of [[solar cell]]s containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include [[monocrystalline silicon]], [[polycrystalline silicon]], [[amorphous silicon]], [[cadmium telluride]], and [[copper indium gallium selenide]]/sulfide.<ref name=jac>[[Mark Z. Jacobson]] (2009). [http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/EnergyEnvRev1008.pdf Review of Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security] p. 4.</ref> Due to the growing demand for [[renewable energy]] sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and [[Photovoltaic system|photovoltaic arrays]] has advanced considerably in recent years.<ref name="German PV market">[http://www.solarbuzz.com/FastFactsGermany.htm German PV market]</ref><ref name="renewableenergyaccess.com">[http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=47861 BP Solar to Expand Its Solar Cell Plants in Spain and India]</ref><ref name="technologyreview.com">[http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17025&ch=biztech Large-Scale, Cheap Solar Electricity]</ref>
 
==Күн панельдері==
Solar photovoltaics is growing rapidly, albeit from a small base, to a total global capacity of 67,400 [[megawatts]] (MW) at the end of 2011, representing 0.5% of worldwide electricity demand.<ref name=epia2012/> The total power output of the world’s PV capacity run over a calendar year is equal to some 80 billion kWh of electricity. This is sufficient to cover the annual power supply needs of over 20 million households in the world.<ref name=epia2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.epia.org/index.php?id=18 |title=Market Report 2011 |author=European Photovoltaic Industry Association |date=2012 |work= }}</ref> More than 100 countries use solar PV.<ref name="ren21">{{cite web |url=http://www.ren21.net/Portals/97/documents/GSR/GSR2011_Master18.pdf |title=Renewables 2011: Global Status Report |author=[[REN21]] |year=2011 |page=22 }}</ref> Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing)<ref name="huliq.com">[http://www.huliq.com/18313/ge-invests-delivers-one-of-worlds-largest-solar-power-plants GE Invests, Delivers One of World's Largest Solar Power Plants]</ref> or built into the roof or walls of a building ([[building-integrated photovoltaics]]).
 
Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured<ref>Richard M. Swanson. Photovoltaics Power Up, ''Science'', Vol. 324, 15 May 2009, p. 891.</ref> and the levelised cost of electricity ([[LCOE]]) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions.<ref name="Branker"> K. Branker, M. J.M. Pathak, J. M. Pearce, “[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.104 A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Levelized Cost of Electricity]”, ''Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews'' 15, pp.4470-4482 (2011). [http://hdl.handle.net/1974/6879 Open access]</ref> [[Net metering]] and financial incentives, such as preferential [[feed-in tariff]]s for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries.<ref> Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century (REN21), Renewables 2010 Global Status Report, Paris, 2010, pp. 1–80.</ref> With current technology, photovoltaics recoup the energy needed to manufacture them in 1 to 4 years.<ref>[http://energy.ltgovernors.com/investing-in-solar-electricity-whats-the-payback.html Investing in Solar Electricity. What’s the Payback?]. Retrieved on 2012-04-21.</ref>
 
==Solar cells==
[[File:Solar cell.png|right|thumb|Solar cells produce electricity directly from sunlight]]
[[File:Solar land area.png|thumb|Average solar irradiance, watts per square metre. Note that this is for a horizontal surface, whereas solar panels are normally mounted at an angle and receive more energy per unit area. The small black dots show the area of solar panels needed to generate all of the world's energy using 8% efficient photovoltaics.]]