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2010 ISBN 9965-26-322-1</ref>
==Ташкиль==
===Харакаттар===
Араб тіліндегі харакат сөзінің мәні қазақ тілінде "қозғалыс" деген мағынаны береді, бұлар әріптерді қысқа дауысты дыбыстар.
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The ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḥarakāt}}'', which literally means "motions", are the short vowel marks. There is some ambiguity as to which ''{{transl|ar|DIN|taškīl}}'' are also ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḥarakāt}}''; the ''{{transl|ar|DIN|tanwīn}}'', for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants.
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====Фатхә====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ـَ}}</div>
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The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|فَتْحَة}}⟩ is a small diagonal line placed ''above'' a letter, and represents a short {{IPA|/a/}}. The word ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥa}}'' itself ({{lang|ar|فَتْحَة}}) means ''opening'', and refers to the opening of the mouth when producing an {{IPA|/a/}}. Example with ''[[Dalet|{{transl|ar|DIN|dāl}}]]'' (henceforth, the base consonant in the following examples): ⟨{{lang|ar|دَ}}⟩ {{IPA|/da/}}.
A '''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥa}}''' followed by an ⟨{{lang|ar|ا}}⟩ (''[[Aleph|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}]]'') indicate a long {{IPA|/aː/}}. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دَا}}⟩ {{IPA|/daː/}}. The ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' is not usually written in such cases.
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====Кәсра====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ـِ}}</div>
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A similar diagonal line ''below'' a letter is called a '''{{transl|ar|DIN|kasrah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|كَسْرَة}}⟩ and designates a short {{IPA|/i/}}. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دِ}}⟩ {{IPA|/di/}}.
A ''{{transl|ar|DIN|kasrah}}'' plus a following letter ⟨{{lang|ar|ﻱ}}⟩ (''[[ي|{{transl|ar|DIN|yāʾ}}]]'') indicate a long {{IPA|/iː/}} (as in the English word "steed"). Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دِي}}⟩ {{IPA|/diː/}}. The ''{{transl|ar|DIN|kasrah}}'' is usually not written in such cases but if ''[[ي|{{transl|ar|DIN|yāʾ}}]]'' is pronounced as a diphthong {{IPA|/aj/}}, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation. The word ''{{transl|ar|DIN|kasrah}}'' means "breaking".
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====Доммаһ====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ـُ}}</div>
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The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḍammah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|ضَمَّة}}⟩ is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short {{IPA|/u/}}. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دُ}}⟩ {{IPA|/du/}}.
And the '''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḍammah}}''' with a following letter ⟨{{lang|ar|و}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|[[wāw]]}}'') designates a long {{IPA|/uː/}} (as in the English word "blue"). Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دُو}}⟩ {{IPA|/duː/}}. The ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḍammah}}'' is usually not written in such cases but if ''{{transl|ar|DIN|wāw}}'' is pronounced as a diphthong {{IPA|/aw/}}, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation.
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====МаддаҺ====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|آ}}</div>
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The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|maddah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|مَدَّة}}⟩ is a [[tilde]]-like diacritic which can appear only on top of an ''[[Aleph|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}]]'' and indicates a glottal stop followed by long {{IPA|/aː/}}.
The sequence {{IPA|/ʔaː/}} should logically be spelled with a hamza on an ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' (representing the {{IPA|/ʔ/}}) followed by another''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' (representing the {{IPA|/aː/}}) but two consecutive ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}''s, including the combination *⟨{{lang|ar|أَا}}⟩, is never written. The sequence {{IPA|/ʔaː/}} must always be written with an ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif maddah}}''. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|قُرْآن}}⟩ {{IPA|/qurˈʔaːn/}}.
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====Әлиф ханджәрияһ====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ــٰ}}</div>
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The '''superscript (or dagger) ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}''''' ⟨{{lang|ar|أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif ḫanǧariyyah}}''), is written as short vertical stroke on top of a consonant. It indicates a long {{IPA|/aː/}} sound where ''[[Aleph#Arabic|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}]]'' is normally not written, e.g. ⟨{{lang|ar|هٰذَا}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|hāḏā}}'') or ⟨{{lang|ar|رَحْمٰن}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|raḥmān}}'').
The dagger ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' occurs in only a few words, but these include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}.'' The word [[Allah]] ⟨{{lang|ar|الله}}⟩ ({{transl|ar|DIN|''Allāh''}}) is usually produced automatically by entering ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif lām lām hāʾ}}.'' The word consists of ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' + ligature of doubled ''{{transl|ar|DIN|lām}}'' with a ''{{transl|ar|DIN|šaddah}} and a dagger {{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' above ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾlām}}''.
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====Әлиф уаслаһ====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ٱ}}</div>
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The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|waṣlah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|وَصْلَة}}⟩, '''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif waṣlah}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|أَلِف وَصْلَة}}⟩ or '''{{transl|ar|DIN|hamzat waṣl}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|هَمْزَة وَصْل}}⟩ looks like a small letter ''[[Tsade#Arabic Ṣad|{{transl|ar|DIN|ṣād}}]]'' on top of an ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' ⟨{{lang|ar|ٱ}}⟩ (also indicated by an ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' ⟨{{lang|ar|ا}}⟩ without a ''{{transl|ar|DIN|hamzah}}''). It means that the ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾalif}}'' is not pronounced, e.g. ⟨{{lang|ar|بٱسم}}⟩.
It only occurs in the beginning of words (can occur after prepositions and the definite article). It is commonly found in imperative verbs, the perfective aspect of verb stems VII to X and their verbal nouns (''{{transl|ar|DIN|maṣdar}}''). The ''alif'' of the definite article is considered a ''{{transl|ar|DIN|waṣlah}}.''
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====Сукун====
<div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;">{{lang|ar|ـْـ}}</div>
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The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|sukūn}}''' ⟨{{lang|ar|سُكُون}}⟩ is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter. It indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel; this is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic. Example: ⟨{{lang|ar|دَدْ}}⟩ ''{{transl|ar|DIN|dad}}.''
The '''{{transl|ar|DIN|sukūn}}''' may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' followed by the letter ⟨{{lang|ar|ﻱ}}⟩ (''[[ي|{{transl|ar|DIN|yāʾ}}]]'') with a {{transl|ar|DIN|sukūn}} over it indicates the diphthong ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ay}}'' ([[IPA]] {{IPA|/aj/}}). A ''{{transl|ar|DIN|fatḥah}}'' followed by the letter ⟨{{lang|ar|ﻭ}}⟩ (''{{transl|ar|DIN|[[wāw]]}}'') with a ''{{transl|ar|DIN|sukūn}}'' indicates {{IPA|/aw/}}.
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==Тануин==
==Пайдаланған әдебиет==
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