Уикипедия

Қатысушы:Hamzemagzhan/зертхана

Үлгі:Short description Үлгі:Chembox Мыс (I) оксиді химиялық формуласы Cu2O болып табылатын бейорганикалық зат. Ол мыс (II) оксидімен қатар мыстың тұрақты оксидіне жатады. Ұнтағының өлшеміне байланысты сары түстен қызыл түске дейінгі түстерге ие бола алады. Табиғатта куприт минералының құрамында кездеседі.


Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is one of the principal oxides of copper, the other being or copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide (CuO). This red-coloured solid is a component of some antifouling paints. The compound can appear either yellow or red, depending on the size of the particles.[1] Copper(I) oxide is found as the reddish mineral cuprite.

Preparation

өңдеу

Copper(I) oxide may be produced by several methods.[2] Most straightforwardly, it arises via the oxidation of copper metal:

4 Cu + O2 → 2 Cu2O

Additives such as water and acids affect the rate of this process as well as the further oxidation to copper(II) oxides. It is also produced commercially by reduction of copper(II) solutions with sulfur dioxide. Aqueous cuprous chloride solutions react with base to give the same material. In all cases, the color is highly sensitive to the procedural details.

 
Pourbaix diagram for copper in uncomplexed media (anions other than OH− not considered). Ion concentration 0.001 mol/kg water. Temperature 25 °C.

Formation of copper(I) oxide is the basis of the Fehling's test and Benedict's test for reducing sugars. These sugars reduce an alkaline solution of a copper(II) salt, giving a bright red precipitate of Cu2O.

It forms on silver-plated copper parts exposed to moisture when the silver layer is porous or damaged. This kind of corrosion is known as red plague.

Little evidence exists for copper(I) hydroxide CuOH, which is expected to rapidly undergo dehydration. A similar situation applies to the hydroxides of gold(I) and silver(I).

Properties

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The solid is diamagnetic. In terms of their coordination spheres, copper centres are 2-coordinated and the oxides are tetrahedral. The structure thus resembles in some sense the main polymorphs of SiO2, and both structures feature interpenetrated lattices.

Copper(I) oxide dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution to form the colourless complex [Cu(NH3)2]+, which is easily oxidized in air to the blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid to give solutions of CuCl2-. Dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid produce copper(II) sulfate and copper(II) nitrate, respectively.[3]

Cu2O degrades to copper(II) oxide in moist air.

Structure

өңдеу

Cu2O crystallizes in a cubic structure with a lattice constant al = 4.2696 Å. The copper atoms arrange in a fcc sublattice, the oxygen atoms in a bcc sublattice. One sublattice is shifted by a quarter of the body diagonal. The space group is Pn3m, which includes the point group with full octahedral symmetry.

Semiconducting properties

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In the history of semiconductor physics, Cu2O is one of the most studied materials, and many experimental semiconductor applications have been demonstrated first in this material:

The lowest excitons in Cu2O are extremely long lived; absorption lineshapes have been demonstrated with neV linewidths, which is the narrowest bulk exciton resonance ever observed.[7] The associated quadrupole polaritons have low group velocity approaching the speed of sound. Thus, light moves almost as slowly as sound in this medium, which results in high polariton densities. Another unusual feature of the ground state excitons is that all primary scattering mechanisms are known quantitatively.[8] Cu2O was the first substance where an entirely parameter-free model of absorption linewidth broadening by temperature could be established, allowing the corresponding absorption coefficient to be deduced. It can be shown using Cu2O that the Kramers–Kronig relations do not apply to polaritons.[9]

Applications

өңдеу

Cuprous oxide is commonly used as a pigment, a fungicide, and an antifouling agent for marine paints. Rectifier diodes based on this material have been used industrially as early as 1924, long before silicon became the standard. Copper(I) oxide is also responsible for the pink color in a positive Benedict's test.

In December 2021, Toshiba announced the creation of a transparent cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin-film solar cell. The cell achieved an 8.4% energy conversion efficiency, the highest efficiency ever reported for any cell of this type as of 2021. The cells could be used for high-altitude platform station applications and electric vehicles.[10]

Similar compounds

өңдеу

An example of natural copper(I,II) oxide is the mineral paramelaconite, Cu4O3 or CuI
2CuII
2O3.[11][12]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
  2. ↑ H. Wayne Richardson "Copper Compounds in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_567
  3. ↑ D. Nicholls, Complexes and First-Row Transition Elements, Macmillan Press, London, 1973.
  4. ↑ L. O. Grondahl, Unidirectional current carrying device, Patent, 1927
  5. ↑ Hanke, L.; Fröhlich, D.; Ivanov, A. L.; Littlewood, P. B.; Stolz, H. (1999-11-22). "LA Phonoritons in Cu2O". Physical Review Letters 83 (21): 4365–4368. Bibcode 1999PhRvL..83.4365H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4365. 
  6. ↑ L. Brillouin: Wave Propagation and Group Velocity, Academic Press, New York City, 1960 Script error: No such module "Catalog lookup link".Script error: No such module "check isxn"..
  7. ↑ Brandt, Jan; Fröhlich, Dietmar; Sandfort, Christian; Bayer, Manfred; Stolz, Heinrich; Naka, Nobuko (2007-11-19). "Ultranarrow Optical Absorption and Two-Phonon Excitation Spectroscopy of Cu2O Paraexcitons in a High Magnetic Field". Physical Review Letters (American Physical Society (APS)) 99 (21): 217403. Bibcode 2007PhRvL..99u7403B. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.217403. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 18233254. 
  8. ↑ J. P. Wolfe and A. Mysyrowicz: Excitonic Matter, Scientific American 250 (1984), No. 3, 98.
  9. ↑ Hopfield, J. J. (1958). "Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals". Physical Review 112 (5): 1555–1567. Bibcode 1958PhRv..112.1555H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555. ISSN 0031-899X. 
  10. ↑ Bellini, Emiliano. Toshiba claims 8.4% efficiency for transparent cuprous oxide solar cell, pv magazine (22 желтоқсан 2021). Тексерілді 22 желтоқсанның 2021.
  11. ↑ Paramelaconite.
  12. ↑ List of Minerals (21 March 2011).
өңдеу
 
Ортаққорда бұған қатысты медиа санаты бар: Copper(I) oxide

Үлгі:Copper compounds Үлгі:Oxides


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